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Era before the integration of CALL (computer-assisted language learning)
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Paper was still too expensive for many people in the 1800s. As a result, individuals required a less expensive method of writing. Personal slates and chalk addressed this issue by allowing pupils to erase any errors. It is also an important activity and method for transferring learned words into short-term memory in language learning. Al-Kadı: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/later/issue/37194/393131
http://evolutionoftechnolgyinclassrooms.weebly.com/where-we-came-from.html -
A chalkboard is a dark-colored board on which chalk may be written. Chalkboards played an essential role in language classes, particularly in earlier times when teachers had less tools for visual representations of the language. https://www.flickr.com/photos/128837093@N06/15569103216 -
CALL (computer-assisted language learning)
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Students did not begin to employ interactive instructional technology in the classroom until 1957. It also created by behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner. Students were able to learn at their own pace thanks to the teaching machine. It creates paper discs with questions and answers. Drills were first employed in structural CALL to offer students with practice. https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_690070 -
Photocopying is the practice of swiftly and cheaply producing copies of papers and other visual images" (Doctorcopy.com, n.d.) It allowed instructors and administrators to create copies of class materials at the time. Language teachers acquired access to many printed copies of digital assets such as flashcards, worksheets, and handouts needed for language education by using photocopiers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_914 -
Structural /behavioristic CALL was conceived in the 1950s and implemented in the 1960s and 1970s. Informed by
the behaviorist learning model, this mode of CALL featured repetitive language drills, referred to as drill-and-practice. http://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/jltr/vol01/06/25.pdf -
Known as a MALL, educators must understand how to use them effectively to support various types of learning and use methods and materials for mobile assisted language learning (MALL). Viberg, O., & Grönlund, Å. (2012). Mobile assisted language learning: A literature review. In 11th World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning. https://www.clipartmax.com/middle/m2i8d3K9G6A0G6A0_get-mobile-assisted-language-learning/ -
Personal computers are huge aspects of teaching and studying languages in the communicative CALL era. https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1981/ -
During the Communicative Call era, multimedia and the Internet were utilized to expose students to actual language in order to improve accuracy, fluency, and agency. https://pressbooks.pub/techandcurriculum/chapter/technology-assisted-language-learning/
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CD-ROMs contributed to language teaching by storing listening activities and many interactive book materials such as applications, dictionaries and many more. https://www.visualalchemy.tv/1985_pioneer_compact_disc_player_pd6010 -
The World Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common projects. Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Luotonen, A., Nielsen, H. F., & Secret, A. (1994). The world-wide web. Communications of the ACM, 37(8), 76-82. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web#/media/File:WWW-LetShare.svg -
In this era, the quick expansion of social media enhanced, owing mostly to technological causes such as increasing internet access, improved software tools, and the development of more powerful computers and mobile devices. Faizi, R., El Afia, A., & Chiheb, R. (2013). Exploring the potential benefits of using social media in education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP), 3(4), 50-53.
https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/social-media-tools-for-education/ -
Task-based, project-based, and content-based methods all tried to integrate learners in genuine situations, as well as to integrate multiple abilities of language acquisition and usage, resulting in integrative CALL, a fresh viewpoint on technology and language learning. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342404706_CALL_in_Context_A_Brief_Historical_and_Theoretical_Perspective
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Everyone acquired unfettered access to data on the web, resulting in the creation of numerous programs, useful websites, social networks, and nearly endless accessible and editable scripts. In language instruction classrooms, we see them as kahoot games, interactive web sites, quizlets, and so on. https://etwinningonline.eba.gov.tr/course/collaborative-web-tools/ -
Tablets are one of the most efficient tools of personal interactive learning. If used in language classes, there are many effective benefits of it. Thanks to the personalized tablets, the students can create a learning space for themself. Moreover, the educator is able to follow them and it causes easy distance learning. https://www.online-sciences.com/technology/the-importance-and-uses-of-tablets-in-education/ -
All resources are given under each event.
