-
3600 BCE
Egypt and Mesopotania; Biology in Aesthetic
Had Menageries, Zoos, Botanical Garden
Had Contents from Africa, Mediterratnion, Asia, etc. -
2700 BCE
Imhopet (Person)
- Architect, Physician, Polymath
- Might have written surgical texts
- Defied by Egyptians after death
-
1600 BCE
EDWIN SMITH PAYPYRUS (Written piece)
- Oldest Medical Treatises
- Contents might go back to 2700 BC
- Discusses treatment and diagnosis of military injuries; Presented as 48 case histories
- Contains little about magic
- Shows knowledge of anatomy
- Speculates Physiology
-
1550 BCE
EBERS PAPYRUS (written text)
- Practical advice
- Magic
- 700 drugs and formulas
-
1200 BCE
Old Testament
Contained cryptozoology - including the "unicorn" - reality was an ancient oxen -
650 BCE
Thales of Miletus (person)
First Natural Philosopher
Left no writings
Teachings;
- The earth is a disc surrounded on all sides of water
- Water is the beginning of all things; fundamental element
- Forces that cause change in matter are consolidation (Mudflats) and expansion (Boiling Water) -
600 BCE
Persian Formal Garden Plan
(6th - 4th Century BC)
Consisted 4 equal section separated by canals; garden surrounded by high walls -
Period: 492 BCE to 432 BCE
Empedocles - Person
Materialist and Causal View of Nature
Originator of 4 element model;
Fire, air, water, earth composed everything
Believed these elements combine and dissociate because of 2 forces;
Love (Attraction) and Hate (Repulsion)
Believed we thought with our blood
thought Animals evolved from strange ancestors; "shadowed forth the principle of natural selection" -
Period: 460 BCE to 360 BCE
Democritus (person)
Greek Philosopher
"Laughing Philosopher"
Father of Modern Science
Atoms
Life and soul same thing
Atheist -
Period: 460 BCE to 361 BCE
Hippocrates (person)
The Hippocratic Method
Famous for Medicine -
424 BCE
Clouds (play)
Written by Aristophanes; mentions a burning lens for the first time as a plot point -
398 BCE
Ctseias (person)
Greek historian who lived in persia; first to mention Unicorns -
Period: 384 BCE to 322 BCE
Aristotle (person)
Founder of Natural History, Writing was best kept through history
Father of Polisci, Biology, Rhetoric, etc, -
334 BCE
Lyceum: Aristotle's school established
In Athens
Fell apart -
Period: 330 BCE to 260 BCE
Herophilus (person)
Physician and Antomists at Alexandria, Writings did not survive. Probably performed human dissections. Believed that the beating of the hearts transmits pulsations to the arteries; both veins and arteries carry blood. -
Period: 310 BCE to 250 BCE
Erasistratus (person)
Physician and Anatomist at Alexandria, writings did not survive. Probably performed human dissections. Believed that arteries have blood only when it seeps from the tissues into the arteries, pathologically -
285 BCE
Library and Museum of Alexandria
700,000 scrolls at time of Cleopatra
Museum was like a University -
200 BCE
The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon (text)
- Most important text in China
- Lists many concepts for doctors; including chi, yin and yang, Micro v Macrocosm, 4 elements, all to help physician help patient
-
Period: 1 CE to 100
Celsus (person)
Wrote large encyclopedia; only De Medicina portion survived -
Period: 1 CE to 100
Physicians in Rome used burning lenses to create therapeutic burns
a globe filled with water can magnify objects -
Period: 23 to 79
Pliny the Elder (person)
Roman; Wrote a 37 Volume encyclopedia, Natural History - Became standard reference work for next 1500 years -
48
Loss of Alexandria
-
75
Natural history; first ten book published
written by Pliny the elder -
Period: 130 to 200
Galen of Pergamon (c. AD 130 - 200)
Greek, most influential medical writer of all time, Most prestigious physician of Rome -
Period: 395 to 476
Fall of Rome
Beginning the middle ages -
Period: 570 to 632
Muhammed (person)
Founder of religion of Islam; Welcomed Education and inquiry into nature -
650
Emerald Tablet (text)
written by Hermes Trismegistos; mentions the elixir of life and philosopher's stone (I think) -
Period: 701 to 1299
Islamic Golden Age
-
794
Paper Making Plant in Bahgdad
Helped expand learning in the Islamic Empire -
Period: 962 to 1038
Alhazen - Person
also known as Ibn al-Haitham. "Father of Optics"; saw that a Transparent sphere can produce enlarged image, no practice used for this is suggested. Also describes how the lens of the eye produces an image on the retina -
Period: 980 to 1037
Avicenna (person)
(or known as Abu Sina or Ibn Sina) Greatest Islamic intellectual of all, most important book was the Canon of Medicine -
1025
Publishing of Canon of Medicine
5 books, by Avicenna -
1080
Constantine of Africa bringing Avicenna's books to the Salerna Medical College in Italy
Avicenna's books then used till mid-17th century in Europe as a basis of the medical schools curriculum -
Period: 1098 to 1179
St. Hildegard of Bingen (person)
Nun, Abbess, Mystic, Healer became a doctor of the Church after her death, First to put hops in beer -
Period: 1168 to 1253
Robert Grotsseteste - Person
Described what appears to be telescopes - medieval philosopher and scientist -
Period: 1194 to 1250
Frederick ii of Hohenstaufen (person)
Holy roman emperor, most important contribution to science was the Art of Falconry - about all birds, and actually original -
Period: 1200 to 1280
Albertus Magnus (or Doctor Universalis) - Person
Medieval Naturalis, scholar, alchemist; made Aristotle popular -
1201
Human dissection allowed in Islamic world
-
Period: 1213 to 1288
Ibn an-Nafis (person)
Islamic polymath; first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. Questioned Galen -
Period: 1214 to 1292
Roger Bacon (person)
St. Francis monk, theories on positions of the sun, medieval in spirit, Described telescope, eyeglasses, burning lenses and Magnifiers -
1224
University of Naples established
Established by Emperor Frederick the ii of Hohenstaufen. Still exists as the University of Naples Federico ii, and is the oldest state-supported university in the world. -
Period: 1225 to 1274
St. Thomas Aquinas (person)
Doctor of the church, Magnus's pupil, greatest of scholastics, made a grand synthesis -
1231
Salerno Medical College Chartered
by Emperor Frederick ii of Hohenstaufen.
Had Formal curriculum with standardized exams, many medical treatises. Similar to today's curriculum -
Period: 1240 to 1311
Arnold of Villanova - person
Spanish alchemist
first to create pure alcohol from distilled wine, and discovered carbon monoxide -
1317
Pope John XXII bans Alchemy
-
1330
Friar Oderich of Portenau
First to describe the Upas Tree (Tree of Death) -
Period: 1347 to 1351
Black Death
30-60% of European population died
Reconstructed the whole society -
1357
Travels of Sir John Mandeville (book)
Claimed Upas tree (death tree) made the deadliest poison in the world -
1440
Printing Press
Created by Johannes Gutenberg, with movable letters made out of durable metal -
Period: 1452 to 1519
Leonardo Da Vinci
Artist, Scientist, Renaissance man; contributed a lot of art of dissections -
Period: 1473 to 1543
Copernicus (person)
Astronomer; Made arguments for Heliocentric Model of Solar system (sun in center of solar system) -
1478
De Medicina Printed
one of the first medical books to be printed after invention of printing -
Period: 1493 to 1541
Paracelsus - person
= better than Celsus, a Humanist philosopher, mystic and physician, focused a lot on chemistry and alchemy for treatments - believed in iatrochemistry thinking -
1501
Introduction of Coffee in western Europe
-
Period: 1510 to 1559
Realdo Colombo (person)
anatomist, Vesalius's successor at university of Padua; accused Vesalius of anatomical errors in book. Wrote his own; Posthumous publication; argued for pulmonary circulation -
Period: 1511 to 1553
Micheal Servetus (person)
Martyr to freedom of thought and conscious, Wandering (sometimes fleeing) student, scholar, physician and antomist; wrote Restoration of Christianity that argued for pulmonary circulation, which got him burnt to the stake -
Period: 1514 to 1564
Andreas Vesalius (person)
First to produce a high quality book of human anatomy ever published, Named Fabric of the Human body -
1517
Reformation; Religious revolution in Western Europe
Initiated by Martin Luther, Catholics lost power; Christianity fractured into Catholic and Protestant camps -
Period: 1537 to
Girolamo Fabrici
At University of Padua; wrote on the Valves in the Veins -
1543
Publication of On the Motions of Heavenly Bodies
By Copernicus - argued in favour of Heliocentric model of solar system -
1543
Publishing of; On the Fabric of the Human body
High-quality human anatomy book to ever be published, written by Andreas Vesalius; corrected Galen, was virtuous in anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations -
1553
Restoration of Christianity; published
Written by Micheal Servetus, argued for pulmonary circulation -
1559
Posthumous publication
Written by Realdo Columbo, argued for pulomonary circulation -
Period: 1564 to
Galileo Galilei (person)
Astronomer, Philosopher of Science, mathematician, etc.
First to use the telescope; discovered celestial imperfections -
Period: 1571 to
Johannes Kepler (person)
Astronomer; Kepler showed that planetary orbits are ellipses, not circles, and odd phenomenon that was later explained by Newton
Expanded Copernicus ideas -
Period: 1578 to
William Harvey (person)
Student of Fabrici's at University of Padua; physician of King James 1 and King Charles 1; also lectured at College of Physicians. Wrote On the movement of the Heart and Blood. -
Period: 1579 to
Jan Baptista Van Helmont - person
Flemish mystic, physician and chemist; inspired by Paracelsus. Subscribed to approaches of iatrochemistry. Considered the first to have done an experiment of plant physiology with his famous willow tree experiment as it was quantitative. -
Compound Microscope invented
Inventors; Hans and Zacharias Jannsen, and Hans Lippershey (credited in 17nth century later on) -
Period: to
Rene Descartes - Person
Model of living things; all mechanicism. Described everything to be mechanisism. Argued that humans had souls, while animals did not. -
Promising start of biological microscopy
ended up dying out till the 19nth century since it was a non literature pursuit -
On the Valves in the Veins - Published
Written by Girolamo Fabrici -
Period: to
Giovanni Borelli - person
Gathered evidence that digestion consists of the mechanical pulverization of food. - beginning of biomechanics -
Galileo build his own Compound microscope
-
Period: to
Franciscus Sylvius - person
Proposed that there is no archeus; putting iatrochemistry in new folding. interested in acids and alkalis. Created a medicine for kidney ailments; distilled grain spirit flavoured with juniper berries. -
On the Movement of the Heart and Blood - Published
Written by William Harvey; Argued for double blood circulation in both the pulmonary and Systemic circuits. Questioned Galen. Highlifhted mechanical aspects of organisms. A model of experimental, quantitative biology. First time anyone understood anything about how organisms work, apart from obvious external functions -
Period: to
Marcello Malpighi - Person
Italian Biologist and Physician; Completed idea of circulation, observed early stages of Embryological development in chickens through microscope; began debate of how does a biological form develop? -
First drawings of magnified biological objects
BEES! observed by Francisco Stelluti -
Period: to
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek - person
Cloth merchant and scientific amateur; did many discoveries with his one lens microscopes like blood and circulation, microorganisms, generative cells and spontaneous generation. -
Period: to
Robert Hooke - person
Curator of Royal Society in London; set up microscope demonstration for the Society's meetings. Wrote the Book Micrographia (1665) -
Period: to
Johann Becher - person
Originator of Phlogiston concept -
Period: to
Sir Isaac Newton (person)
astronomer, physicist, mathematician, philosopher of science; entrenched idea that the universe operates according to simple, universal, quantitative laws; formalized calculus -
Period: to
George Ernst Stahl
modified and renamed terra pinguis into phlogiston; believed that the flame is heated air by the rush of phlogiston out of a rapidly burning material -
Malphighi completes Harvey's model of circulation
examined frog lungs and saw the capillary connections between arteries and veins -
Micrographia - book published
written by Robert Hooke; describes the elements of magnified cork as cells -
Alicorn; Medicinal unicorn horn not believed anymore
Was believed to reveal poison and be the antidote -
Amoenitates Exocitae (amusing exotic things) (Book)
Written by Dr. EngleBer Kampfer about the Death tree of Java;
"Local people used criminals to collect sap because tree was deadly to approach; if criminal lived, he was set free as reward" -
Period: to
Jan Ingen-Housz - person
Discovered photosynthesis -
Period: to
Joseph Priestley (person)
given credit for discovering oxygen, which at the time called it dephlogisticated air. -
Rumphius of the Dutch East India Company (person)
Described Upas tree/Death tree that it had Poisonous gas emanates from tree, Could only approach tree if all skin was covered by fabric, No other plants frew tree, Dead birds littered ground underneath -
Period: to
Antoine Lavoisier - person
nobleman- Abandoned phlogiston concept and renamed dephlogisticated air oxygen, head cut off during the reign of terror in france -
Period: to
Louis-Joseph Proust - person
chemist; established the Law of Definite proportion -
Period: to
John Dalton - person
realised Prousts result could be explained with atoms - furthered atomic theory -
Article in London Magazine
Described Upas/ Death tree tree; Danger zone had radius of 12 to 14 miles, Criminals assigned to collect sap equipped with leather caps, protective glasses and leather gloves, Priest living near danger zone blessed their efforts, Of 700 criminals who went to get sap, only 70 returned; ground underneath tree littered with dead bodies -
Law of Definite proportions established
Established by Louis-Joseph Proust; that elements combine in compound substances in simple, constant ratios by weight; not accepted till 1812 -
Period: to
Friedrich Wohler - person
Changed Umonium Sulphite to Urea -
19nth century; Intro of lenses with fewer aberations & clearer viewing
Microscopic biology starting again after it fizzled out during the 17nth century -
Leshenault sets to find the truth of the Death Tree
French Naturalist; Saw that it poisoned the heart, nothing more -
Law of definite proportions accepted
-
Period: to
Hermann Kolbe - person
Made something organic from something non organic -
Rudolf Virchow (person)
Father of Modern Pathology; Disproved Hippocratus's theory of Humours - Cell Theory -
Period: to
Ernst Mayr (person)
Evolutionary Biologist and Historian of Biology; accused plato of impeding progress of biology for over 2000 years, through his anti evolutionary influence of Aristotle's biology
Believed you can't make individual predictions, Population thinking; group that can be measured -
Period: to
Excavation of Piltdown Man
"found" in Sussex south of London -
Hoax of Piltdown man discovered
Teeth and bones found to be modern-day -
St. Hildeguard Finally being recognized as a saint