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Had Menageries, Zoos, Botanical Garden
Had Contents from Africa, Mediterratnion, Asia, etc. -
- Architect, Physician, Polymath
- Might have written surgical texts
- Defied by Egyptians after death
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- Oldest Medical Treatises
- Contents might go back to 2700 BC
- Discusses treatment and diagnosis of military injuries; Presented as 48 case histories
- Contains little about magic
- Shows knowledge of anatomy
- Speculates Physiology
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- Practical advice
- Magic
- 700 drugs and formulas
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Contained cryptozoology - including the "unicorn" - reality was an ancient oxen
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First Natural Philosopher
Left no writings
Teachings;
- The earth is a disc surrounded on all sides of water
- Water is the beginning of all things; fundamental element
- Forces that cause change in matter are consolidation (Mudflats) and expansion (Boiling Water) -
(6th - 4th Century BC)
Consisted 4 equal section separated by canals; garden surrounded by high walls -
Materialist and Causal View of Nature
Originator of 4 element model;
Fire, air, water, earth composed everything
Believed these elements combine and dissociate because of 2 forces;
Love (Attraction) and Hate (Repulsion)
Believed we thought with our blood
thought Animals evolved from strange ancestors; "shadowed forth the principle of natural selection" -
Greek Philosopher
"Laughing Philosopher"
Father of Modern Science
Atoms
Life and soul same thing
Atheist -
The Hippocratic Method
Famous for Medicine -
Written by Aristophanes; mentions a burning lens for the first time as a plot point
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Greek historian who lived in persia; first to mention Unicorns
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Founder of Natural History, Writing was best kept through history
Father of Polisci, Biology, Rhetoric, etc, -
In Athens
Fell apart -
Physician and Antomists at Alexandria, Writings did not survive. Probably performed human dissections. Believed that the beating of the hearts transmits pulsations to the arteries; both veins and arteries carry blood.
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Physician and Anatomist at Alexandria, writings did not survive. Probably performed human dissections. Believed that arteries have blood only when it seeps from the tissues into the arteries, pathologically
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700,000 scrolls at time of Cleopatra
Museum was like a University -
- Most important text in China
- Lists many concepts for doctors; including chi, yin and yang, Micro v Macrocosm, 4 elements, all to help physician help patient
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Wrote large encyclopedia; only De Medicina portion survived
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a globe filled with water can magnify objects
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Roman; Wrote a 37 Volume encyclopedia, Natural History - Became standard reference work for next 1500 years
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written by Pliny the elder
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Greek, most influential medical writer of all time, Most prestigious physician of Rome
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Beginning the middle ages
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Founder of religion of Islam; Welcomed Education and inquiry into nature
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written by Hermes Trismegistos; mentions the elixir of life and philosopher's stone (I think)
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Helped expand learning in the Islamic Empire
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also known as Ibn al-Haitham. "Father of Optics"; saw that a Transparent sphere can produce enlarged image, no practice used for this is suggested. Also describes how the lens of the eye produces an image on the retina
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(or known as Abu Sina or Ibn Sina) Greatest Islamic intellectual of all, most important book was the Canon of Medicine
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5 books, by Avicenna
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Avicenna's books then used till mid-17th century in Europe as a basis of the medical schools curriculum
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Nun, Abbess, Mystic, Healer became a doctor of the Church after her death, First to put hops in beer
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Described what appears to be telescopes - medieval philosopher and scientist
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Holy roman emperor, most important contribution to science was the Art of Falconry - about all birds, and actually original
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Medieval Naturalis, scholar, alchemist; made Aristotle popular
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Islamic polymath; first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood. Questioned Galen
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St. Francis monk, theories on positions of the sun, medieval in spirit, Described telescope, eyeglasses, burning lenses and Magnifiers
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Established by Emperor Frederick the ii of Hohenstaufen. Still exists as the University of Naples Federico ii, and is the oldest state-supported university in the world.
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Doctor of the church, Magnus's pupil, greatest of scholastics, made a grand synthesis
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by Emperor Frederick ii of Hohenstaufen.
Had Formal curriculum with standardized exams, many medical treatises. Similar to today's curriculum -
Spanish alchemist
first to create pure alcohol from distilled wine, and discovered carbon monoxide -
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First to describe the Upas Tree (Tree of Death)
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30-60% of European population died
Reconstructed the whole society -
Claimed Upas tree (death tree) made the deadliest poison in the world
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Created by Johannes Gutenberg, with movable letters made out of durable metal
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Artist, Scientist, Renaissance man; contributed a lot of art of dissections
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Astronomer; Made arguments for Heliocentric Model of Solar system (sun in center of solar system)
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one of the first medical books to be printed after invention of printing
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= better than Celsus, a Humanist philosopher, mystic and physician, focused a lot on chemistry and alchemy for treatments - believed in iatrochemistry thinking
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anatomist, Vesalius's successor at university of Padua; accused Vesalius of anatomical errors in book. Wrote his own; Posthumous publication; argued for pulmonary circulation
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Martyr to freedom of thought and conscious, Wandering (sometimes fleeing) student, scholar, physician and antomist; wrote Restoration of Christianity that argued for pulmonary circulation, which got him burnt to the stake
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First to produce a high quality book of human anatomy ever published, Named Fabric of the Human body
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Initiated by Martin Luther, Catholics lost power; Christianity fractured into Catholic and Protestant camps
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At University of Padua; wrote on the Valves in the Veins
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By Copernicus - argued in favour of Heliocentric model of solar system
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High-quality human anatomy book to ever be published, written by Andreas Vesalius; corrected Galen, was virtuous in anatomical correctness and high-quality illustrations
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Written by Micheal Servetus, argued for pulmonary circulation
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Written by Realdo Columbo, argued for pulomonary circulation
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Astronomer, Philosopher of Science, mathematician, etc.
First to use the telescope; discovered celestial imperfections -
Astronomer; Kepler showed that planetary orbits are ellipses, not circles, and odd phenomenon that was later explained by Newton
Expanded Copernicus ideas -
Student of Fabrici's at University of Padua; physician of King James 1 and King Charles 1; also lectured at College of Physicians. Wrote On the movement of the Heart and Blood.
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Flemish mystic, physician and chemist; inspired by Paracelsus. Subscribed to approaches of iatrochemistry. Considered the first to have done an experiment of plant physiology with his famous willow tree experiment as it was quantitative.
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Inventors; Hans and Zacharias Jannsen, and Hans Lippershey (credited in 17nth century later on)
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Model of living things; all mechanicism. Described everything to be mechanisism. Argued that humans had souls, while animals did not.
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ended up dying out till the 19nth century since it was a non literature pursuit
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Written by Girolamo Fabrici
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Gathered evidence that digestion consists of the mechanical pulverization of food. - beginning of biomechanics
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Proposed that there is no archeus; putting iatrochemistry in new folding. interested in acids and alkalis. Created a medicine for kidney ailments; distilled grain spirit flavoured with juniper berries.
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Written by William Harvey; Argued for double blood circulation in both the pulmonary and Systemic circuits. Questioned Galen. Highlifhted mechanical aspects of organisms. A model of experimental, quantitative biology. First time anyone understood anything about how organisms work, apart from obvious external functions
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Italian Biologist and Physician; Completed idea of circulation, observed early stages of Embryological development in chickens through microscope; began debate of how does a biological form develop?
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BEES! observed by Francisco Stelluti
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Cloth merchant and scientific amateur; did many discoveries with his one lens microscopes like blood and circulation, microorganisms, generative cells and spontaneous generation.
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Curator of Royal Society in London; set up microscope demonstration for the Society's meetings. Wrote the Book Micrographia (1665)
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Originator of Phlogiston concept
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astronomer, physicist, mathematician, philosopher of science; entrenched idea that the universe operates according to simple, universal, quantitative laws; formalized calculus
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modified and renamed terra pinguis into phlogiston; believed that the flame is heated air by the rush of phlogiston out of a rapidly burning material
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examined frog lungs and saw the capillary connections between arteries and veins
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written by Robert Hooke; describes the elements of magnified cork as cells
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Was believed to reveal poison and be the antidote
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Written by Dr. EngleBer Kampfer about the Death tree of Java;
"Local people used criminals to collect sap because tree was deadly to approach; if criminal lived, he was set free as reward" -
Discovered photosynthesis
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given credit for discovering oxygen, which at the time called it dephlogisticated air.
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Described Upas tree/Death tree that it had Poisonous gas emanates from tree, Could only approach tree if all skin was covered by fabric, No other plants frew tree, Dead birds littered ground underneath
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nobleman- Abandoned phlogiston concept and renamed dephlogisticated air oxygen, head cut off during the reign of terror in france
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chemist; established the Law of Definite proportion
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realised Prousts result could be explained with atoms - furthered atomic theory
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Described Upas/ Death tree tree; Danger zone had radius of 12 to 14 miles, Criminals assigned to collect sap equipped with leather caps, protective glasses and leather gloves, Priest living near danger zone blessed their efforts, Of 700 criminals who went to get sap, only 70 returned; ground underneath tree littered with dead bodies
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Established by Louis-Joseph Proust; that elements combine in compound substances in simple, constant ratios by weight; not accepted till 1812
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Changed Umonium Sulphite to Urea
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Microscopic biology starting again after it fizzled out during the 17nth century
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French Naturalist; Saw that it poisoned the heart, nothing more
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Made something organic from something non organic
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Father of Modern Pathology; Disproved Hippocratus's theory of Humours - Cell Theory
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Evolutionary Biologist and Historian of Biology; accused plato of impeding progress of biology for over 2000 years, through his anti evolutionary influence of Aristotle's biology
Believed you can't make individual predictions, Population thinking; group that can be measured -
"found" in Sussex south of London
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Teeth and bones found to be modern-day
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