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Germany- Cave paintings that show constellations represented by animals
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Scotland- First known calendar “Warren Field”. It takes form as a monolith which helps track moon movements (12 months)
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Germany- Goseck circle is a circular enclosure that serves as a way to map stars
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Ireland- An entrance opens to a 62 feet long passageway leading to a central chamber 20 feet high. For about 2 weeks on either side of the winter solstice, light streams through a roof box located above the entrance passage. This allows light to shine through the length of the passageway, lighting up the entire central chamber, where people must've been buried.
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England- Main stones of Stonehenge are placed.
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North Macedonia- A Bronze Age astronomical observatory was constructed there around 1900 BC and continuously served the nearby community that lived there until about 700 BC.
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Mesopotamia- Babylonian star catalogs with persistent names. The oldest catalog has accurate
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Babylonia- First accurately calculated eclipses start to appear.
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Greece- Plato described the universe as a spherical body divided into circles carrying the planets and governed according to harmonic intervals by a world soul.
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Greece- Aristotle, drawing on the mathematical model of Eudoxus, proposed that the universe was made of a complex system of concentric spheres, whose circular motions combined to carry the planets around the earth.
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Greece- The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed
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Babylonia- Astronomers began to use "goal-year texts" to predict the motions of the planets. These texts compiled records of past observations to find repeating occurrences of ominous phenomena for each planet.
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England- Bede of Jarrow published an influential text, On the Reckoning of Time, providing churchmen with the practical astronomical knowledge needed to compute the proper date of Easter using a procedure called the computus. This text remained an important element of the education of clergy from the 7th century until well after the rise of the Universities in the 12th century.
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Muslim world- The work contains tables for the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the five planets known at the time. The work is significant as it introduced Ptolemaic concepts into Islamic sciences.
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The work contains tables for the movements of the Sun, the Moon and the five planets known at the time. The work is significant as it introduced Ptolemaic concepts into Islamic sciences.
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Muslim areas- Rise of the first observatories which produced star catalogs
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Baghdad- House of wisdom was a building used for research that revolutionized the use of parameters, sources and calculation methods from different scientific traditions made the Ptolemaic tradition "receptive right from the beginning to the possibility of observational refinement and mathematical restructuring
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Muslim world- Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) carried out observations on the stars and described their positions, magnitudes, brightness, and color and drawings for each constellation in his Book of Fixed Stars.
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Europe- Scholars such as Gerbert of Aurillac began to travel to Spain and Sicily to seek out learning which they had heard existed in the Arabic-speaking world. There they first encountered various practical astronomical techniques concerning the calendar and timekeeping, most notably those dealing with the astrolabe. Soon scholars such as Hermann of Reichenau were writing texts in Latin on the uses and construction of the astrolabe.
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Spain- Translated ibn al-Haytham‘s great book, Optics, into Latin. Like Shen Gua in China, Roger Bacon, a Franciscan monk in England, read al-Haytham’s work in the 1200s AD. Bacon learned about glass lenses, refraction, and how light and eyes worked.
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England- Roger Bacon built a camera obscura. He made curved glass magnifying lenses
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Europe-popularization of solar clocks
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Poland- Founder of modern astronomy, in addition to being a key piece in what was called the Scientific Revolution at the time of the Renaissance.
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Sweden- Primarily known for its laws on the movement of the planets in its orbit around the sun . He was a collaborator of Tycho Brahe , whom he replaced as imperial mathematician of Rodolfo II .
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Italy- Improvements to the telescope,several astronomical discoveries and the first law of motion
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Germany- Primarily known for its laws on the movement of the planets in its orbit around the sun . He was a collaborator of Tycho Brahe , whom he replaced as imperial mathematician of Rodolfo II .
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England- He describes the law of universal gravitation and established the foundations of classical mechanics through the laws that bear his name. Among his other scientific discoveries are the works on the nature of light and optics (which are presented mainly in his work Opticks ), and in mathematics, the development of infinitesimal calculus .
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The observations made with the VLT have for the first time revealed the effects predicted by Einstein's general relativity on the motion of a star passing through the extreme gravitational field near the supermassive black hole in the centre of the Milky Way.
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The VLT has obtained the first-ever image of a planet outside our Solar System. The 5-Jupiter-mass planet orbits a failed star — a brown dwarf — at a distance of 55 times the mean Earth-Sun distance.
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Two independent research teams, based on observations of exploding stars, including those from ESO's telescopes at La Silla and Paranal, have shown that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating. The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for this result.
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Astronomers have found a system of seven Earth-sized planets just 40 light-years away. Three of the planets lie in the habitable zone and could harbour oceans of water on their surfaces, increasing the possibility that the star system could play host to life. This system has both the largest number of Earth-sized planets yet found and the largest number of worlds that could support liquid water on their surfaces.
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ESO’s fleet of telescopes in Chile have detected the first visible counterpart to a gravitational wave source. These historic observations suggest that this unique object is the result of the merger of two neutron stars. The cataclysmic aftermaths of this kind of merger — long-predicted events called kilonovae — disperse heavy elements such as gold and platinum throughout the Universe.
