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IMPERIALISM
European colonies expanded to Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Their objective was to have a political, military and economic control.
The colonies provided territories where excess population could be send in order to reduce unemployment.
They also assured the power and international prestige of countries or allowed trade routes. -
COLONIAL EXPANSION
Europe had certain limits in Africa (coast) until 1870. United kingdom incorporated Australia and in America the United states extended to Cuba and Puerto Rico. -
BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCE SYSTEM
These were a set of alliances, based on secret diplomacy.
Their objective was to isolate France and to prevent its alliance with Russia against Germany -
In 1840 the United kingdom continued to be the strongest commercial and financial power this is called "Victorian Era".
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2ND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The second industrial revolution took place between 1870-1914.
It began in the United Estates and Germany.
It was based on the use of new energy sources and changes in work organisation.
The industrial leading industrial sectors= Chemical industry, electrical industry, mechanical industry, food industry and textile industry. -
POPULATION AND URBAN GROWTH- From 1870 to 1914 population increased from 300 to 440 million people, as a result urban population increased too.
Because of the less expensive means of transport, more people started emigrating abroad. -
The labour movement gained affiliates when the states legalised workers associations.
Later on, labourers parties emerged, the wanted to acces political power and promote democratic and social reforms. -
TRANSPORT- Electricity was applied to railways, trams and undergrounds. Also, the internal combustion engine improved navigation and the beginning of aviation. COMMUNICATION- Progressed a lot thanks to: Telephone, Phonograph, the cinematograph and the radio. -
DOMESTIC TRADE- It devised new system to sell the increased production, for example department stores. INTERNATIONAL TRADE- It aquired a global dimension because of improved transportation methods and the growth of industrial production. -
Anticipating war, European countries rearmed and formed two alliance blocs: The triple alliance and the triple triple entente. -
THREE PHASES:
1- The war of movement (1914)= Germnay attempted over France in order yo later on defeat Russia, but France resistes and Russia advanced through Prussia. Finally, The Ottoman Empire joined the central Powers.
2- Trench Warfare (1915-1918)= In this phase the war became a global conflict.
3- The war ends (1917-1920)=
·United States joined on the side of alies.
·Russia signed the treaty of Brest Litvosk.
·'Fourteen Points' a statement of principles for world peace. -
- Imperialism intensified international, political and economic confrontations that would lead to WWI.
- For dominated nations was really bad, this because local governments were controlled by foreigners and internal conflicts were aggravated due to the arbitrary drawing of borders.
- Traditional economy was altered because the colonising powers replaced subsistence agriculture with export agriculture.
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THE CONTENDERS
1.Central powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.
2.Triple Entete- France, Russia, UK, United States and Serbia. CAUSES:
The politic conflicts were because of varioues reasons- Some were territorial, others nationalistics and the last ones because of colonial clashes between imperalist powers.
THE SPARK OF WAR
The cause that initiated the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian student. -
At the beggining of the 20th century, Russia's empire extended to the Black sea and to the Pacific Ocean ruled by Tsars of the Romanov dinasty.
CAUSES:
~ Dissatisfaction at the political level.
~ Dissatisfaction at the economic and social levels -
1905- Russian's defeat against Japan set off a revolution that forced Tsar to create a parliment. 1917- Russian army's losses in WWI and the suffering that was caused sparked two revolutions:
~ THE BOURGEOIS FEBRUARY REVOLUTION- Deposed Tsar Nicholas II and established a republic.
~ THE BOLSHEVIK OCTOBER REVOLUTION- Organised by radical Marxists, they overthrew the provisional government and placed their leader Lenin in power. -
1- PARIS CONFERENCE(1919-1920)=
Defeated countries signed treaties and had to reduce their armies, pay reparations and make territorial concessions. 2- LEAGUE OF NATIONS=
International organistaion for promoting peace. 3- CONSEQUENCES=
~ 9M deaths
~ Serious material losses
~ It sharpened the contrasts between social classes
~ Central Power and dynasties which ruled them disappeared
~ More male suffrage
~ European world supremacy was replaced by the United States -
- Lenin´s government 1921-1924: He created a political organisation called Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and they also adopted a New economic policy.
- Stalin´s government 1927-1953: Began a totalitarian political system which used violence to purge society of his opponents.
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Benito Mussolini 1922
It is a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic government headed by a dictatorial leader, severe economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression of opposition. -
United states experienced a crisis caused by excess production in relation to consuption. -
During the interwar period there was a democracy crisis and tolitarian regimes emerged that is a party that had total control over society.
TOTALITARIANISM
- An authoritarian political system
- Economic and social control
- Rejection of equality
- Ultra-nationalism
- Irrational thinking
- Militarism -
Adolf Hitler
The body of political and economic doctrines held and put into effect by the Nazis in Germany from 1933 to 1945 including the totalitarian principle of government, predominance of especially Germanic groups assumed to be racially superior, and supremacy of the führer. -
CAUSES
- Germany´s quest for revenge
-The increase in totaliaritian ideologies
- Rise of militarism
- Nationalism
-Economic depression SPARK OF THE WAR
Germany´s invasion of Poland without a previous declaration of war after signing a non-aggression pact with the USSR -
1- Victories of the Axis powers(1939-1941):
1939 – Poland.
1940 – Denmark and Norway.
1940 – Holland and Belgium.
1940 – France
1941 – Yugoslavia, Greece and North Africa.
1941 – Germany attacked Russia (Operation Barbarossa) and had made some gains.
1942 – Japan took Singapore from the British. 2- War evens out (1941-1943):
Germany was slowed out by Britain 3- Allies turn the tide (1943-1945):
The allies gained the advantage in the war after a double offensive in Europe -
CONFERENCES
1- Tehran conference
2- Yalta conference
3- Potsdam conference
this 3 conferences were established to try and reach peace in the world. U.N
Allies decided to create the United Nations that are an international organization 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. -
-Lives lost and material destroyed
- Political repercussions
-Territorial changes