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Brown vs. Board of Education
Brown vs. Board of Education is a landmark case that had a great impact on the Civil Rights Movement. This court case ruled that racial segregation in the public school system was unconstitutional. This raised awareness for the model of thinking known as "separate-but-equal". This case started raising awareness of the treatment in public schools, ultimately leading to equality for all in educational institutions.
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
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Historical Timeline of Special Education throughout the Years
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Public Law 88-164
Public Law 88-164 authorized funding for training professionals to work with children classified with special needs, as well as, provide the ability to research and learn about individuals with intellectual development disabilities(IDD) and deafness.
https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/pl88-164.pdf -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (PL 93-112)
It states that programs, services, and participation in activities cannot be denied to a person with a disability solely because they have a disability. Individuals with disabilities must have equal access to resources that those without disabilities can access. Children who do not meet the IDEA of 2004 criteria can still be eligible for the 504 services. This acts as an additional support bridge between general and special education.
http://www.projectreachonline.org/sped_laws?article_id=171 -
Public Law 94-142: Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Public Law 94-142 was passed in 1975 but put into effect in 1977. This law was designed to ensure all handicapped children the right to free public education that had the specialization of services and programs that were focused on special education. This law made the federal government more involved in the success of special education and programs for students identified with disabilities.
http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/special-education-public-policy/ -
Public Law 99-457: Education of Handicapped Act Amendments of 1986
Public Law 99-457 was an amendment/addition of PL 94-142. PL 99-457 allowed federal funding for states to develop plans and programs for children and their families from birth on. The Education of the Handicapped Act was later changed to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/resolve_openurl.cgi?issn=0002-726X&volume=134&issue=2&spage=71&aulast=Sass-Lehrer
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2801456 -
Public Law 100-297: The Javits Act
Jacob Javits provided money to fund research and programs focused on the needs of gifted students from economically disadvantaged situations. Javits programs helped provide additional methods to measure the ability of people in the exceptional population.
https://www.nagc.org/resources-publications/resources-university-professionals/jacob-javits-gifted-talented-students -
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1992 (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act extends civil rights to those with disabilities. It ensures that regardless of race, color, origin, gender, or religion that civil rights are upheld. IDEA 2004, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and the ADA collectively work together to ensure that children with disabilities have equal access to resources and are not discriminated against in any manner regarding their disability. https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9805.html -
Public Law 107-110: No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001
NCLB was designed to hold schools and educators to a certain standard of proficiency. This created a low standard for the disabled taking away the challenging component to make those students grow.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/107th-congress/house-bill/1 -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act 2004 (IDEA 2004)
IDEA was designed to further expand, strengthen, and improve earlier versions of Public Law 94-142. IDEA had major changes in the quality of personnel, IEP standards, and transition planning. One key concept of the legislation is that it provided funding for the support that boosted the quality of special education. Ultimately, it provided the foundation needed for a successful modern education system.
https://sites.ed.gov/idea/ -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The goal of the act was to encourage economic activity to ensure the long-term success of the economic sector in our nation. This encouragement lead to funding that improved the quality of early intervention services. Infants to children age 5 received funding that total up at $900 million. These were one time funds.
https://www.thebalance.com/arra-details-3306299 -
Every Student Succeds Act (ESSA)
ESSA replaced NCLB. ESSA goal was to ensure success for all students. It focused on equality for those who are disabled, standards that prepare students for careers and college, increased access to high-quality education, local innovation, and annual assessments, and plans to have beneficial changes for underserved and underperforming schools.
https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-childs-rights/basics-about-childs-rights/every-student-succeeds-act-essa-what-you-need-to-know