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framed the rules for naturalization by proscribing standard naturalization forms, encouraging state and local courts to relinquish their naturalization jurisdiction to Federal courts, and expanding the Bureau of Immigration into the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization.
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Nebraska, along with other states, prohibited the teaching of modern foreign languages to grade school children. Meyer, who taught German in a Lutheran school, was convicted under this law. Nebraska violated the liberty protected by due process of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
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In 1963, a bilingual education program was introduced in Miami. Directed by both U.S. and Cuban educators, the program began in the first through third grades. U.S. and Cuban students received a half day of English and a half day of Spanish instruction; at lunch time and recess and during music and art classes the groups were mixed together. Within three years the district was able to report benefits for both groups of students, who were now not only bilingual but also bicultural.
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The nation's premier civil rights legislation. The Act outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, required equal access to public places and employment, and enforced desegregation of schools and the right to vote. It did not end discrimination, but it did open the door to further progress. http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act/videos/civil-rights-act-of-1964
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The Elementary and Secondary Education Act, is a program created by the U.S. Department of Education to distribute funding to schools and school districts with a high percentage of students from low-income families. Title I was designed to close the skill gap in reading, writing, and mathematics between children from low-income households who attend urban or rural school systems and children from the middle-class who attend suburban school systems (Jeffrey, 1978).
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The Bilingual Education Act was the first federal legislation to address the unique educational needs of students with limited English-speaking ability (later called “limited English proficient”). It set the stage for further legislation regarding equality of educational opportunity for language minorities.
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Lau v. Nichols, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on January 21, 1974, ruled (9–0) that, under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a California school district receiving federal funds must provide non-English-speaking students with instruction in the English language to ensure that they receive an equal education.
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The Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 (EEOA) was an amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The EEOA came into effect when school boards in the United States were involved in court-required busing of students to desegregate schools and soon after the Supreme Court decided Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado (1973), and Lau v. Nichols (1974).
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The most recent reauthorization amending ESEA (Elementary and Secondary Education Act) is the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB). This legislation aimed to close the achievement gap between groups of students through greater accountability and increased flexibility and choice. NCLB affects almost every school district and charter school in the state.
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William J. Olson & Alan Woll, “An Historical Examination of the English Literacy Requirement in the Naturalization of Aliens,” One Nation Policy Paper Series, One Nation Indivisible Inc, (February, 2002): 4-5. To get this article online refer to http://www.lawandfreedom.com/site/special/English.pdf
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Social Welfare History Project (2016). Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project. Retrieved [date accessed] from http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/ Zascavage, V. (2010). Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957403.n149
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Bon, Susan. (2017) Lau v. Nichols. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lau-v-Nichols Stein, Colman B. (1985). The 1984 Bilingual Education Act. Wheaton, MD: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.
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http://umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects05/be/timeline.html http://moramodules.com/Pages/HistoryBE.htm http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/ImmigrationRestrictionChronology.html http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/379-bilingual-education-act-of-1968.html http://education.findlaw.com/discrimination-harassment-at-school/bilingual-education-cases-and-laws.html http://usedulaw.com/279-equal-educational-opportunity-act.html
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http://umich.edu/~ac213/student_projects05/be/timeline.html http://moramodules.com/Pages/HistoryBE.htm http://users.humboldt.edu/ogayle/hist383/ImmigrationRestrictionChronology.html http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/379-bilingual-education-act-of-1968.html http://education.findlaw.com/discrimination-harassment-at-school/bilingual-education-cases-and-laws.html http://usedulaw.com/279-equal-educational-opportunity-act.html
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Bon, Susan. (2017) Lau v. Nichols. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lau-v-Nichols Stein, Colman B. (1985). The 1984 Bilingual Education Act. Wheaton, MD: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.
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Social Welfare History Project (2016). Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project. Retrieved [date accessed] from http://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/education/elementary-and-secondary-education-act-of-1965/
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William J. Olson & Alan Woll, “An Historical Examination of the English Literacy Requirement in the Naturalization of Aliens,” One Nation Policy Paper Series, One Nation Indivisible Inc, (February, 2002): 4-5. To get this article online refer to http://www.lawandfreedom.com/site/special/English.pdf Zascavage, V. (2010). Elementary and Secondary Education Act. In Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412957403.n149
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