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This put him in charge of royal government and gave him immense power because he acted as gatekeeper to the king.
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Because of disagreements between Henry and his Councillors over the war with France and Henry's preference to surrounding himself with younger courtiers.
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- Henry relied on Wolsey to manage government effectively from 1514.
- Wolsey's influence was derived more from his close personal relationship with the King than from formal positions.
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This had been established as an offshoot of the King's Council during Henry VII's reign.
Wolsey made it the centre of both Government and the legal system.
Wolsey used it to increase cheap and fair justice and heard cases of alleged misconduct and private lawsuits. -
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- Aimed to reduce royal household expenditure by reforming the Privy Chamber's finances.
- Wolsey also used it to reduce the influence of the Privy Chamber.
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- This was a 'voluntary gift' (read: heavy tax) levied without parlimentary approval.
- It led to widespread resistance and had to be abandoned.
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- His justification was that his marriage to his brother's widow was illegal in the sight of God. (I.e. the Exodus argument)
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The Pope was reluctant to help because he was a prisoner of Charles V, Catherine's Nephew, who fiercely opposed the idea of an annulment.
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- The hearing was opened in June and closed in July. Campeggio refused to grant an annulment.
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In October he was charged with Praemunire and retired to Yorkshire.
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- Set up to deal with Henry's divorce and the reform of the English church
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It justified Henry's annulment on legal grounds, based on historical principles, and encouraged the Break from Rome.
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This recognised Henry as 'Supreme head of the Church'
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Abolished the payment of tax to Rome.
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The Clergy accepted Henry as head of the Church and as their lawmaker.
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This banned the payment of annates to Rome.
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- The Clergy weren't allowed to enact church law without royal permission.
- The existing Church law was to be examined by a royal commission.
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- Cromwell rose to power as chief minister by 1532 and dominated royal government for the rest of the 1530s.
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- Made Henry the supreme head of the Church of England.
- Declared Rome had no power over matrimonial cases.
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- Registered Henry's marriage to Catherine as invalid and validated his Marriage to Anne.
- It was a treasonable offence to attack the marriage.
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- Confirmed the First Act of Annates
- Abbots and Bishops were to be appointed by the King not the Pope.
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This listed key treasonable crimes and made intent and words treasonable as well as deeds.
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- Contained an Oath of Supremacy to be taken by all religious houses.
- Sir Thomas More and several others refused. This would be their downfall.
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Ensured clerical taxes would go to the King not the Pope.
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Cromwell commissioned this survey into the wealth and condition of the church.
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The smaller monasteries were closed down.
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Rejected 7 of the 10 Sacraments of Catholic doctrine.
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These ordered the clergy to:
- defend royal supremacy in sermons
- abandon pilgrimages
- give money for educational purposes to teach children key scripture. -
- The English bible had to be placed in all parishes within 2 years.
- All births, deaths and marriages had to be registered in every parish.
- People were to be actively discouraged from pilgrimages.
- Relics were to be removed from all churches.
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- Confirmed Transubstantiation, Private masses and Confession.
- Banned Priestly Marriage, Chastity marriage, Communion by the laity.
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- Following the fall of Cromwell, a new Privy council emerged with fixed membership and recorded proceedings.
- Power was divided between 2 competing Factions, the Conservatives and the Reformists
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Restricted access to the English Bible to upper class men and noblewomen in private.
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This allowed the dissolution of Chantries
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