-
14th Amendment
The 14th amendment states "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" (U.S Const. Amend XIV). This amendment is the basis for equality for all U.S citizens. -
The Feminine Mystique
Betty Friedan wrote the book "the Feminine Mystique", which vividly expressed discrimination against women. She is credited for sparking the 1960s womens movement.
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. -
Supreme Court Case Reed v. Reed
This legendary supreme court case conducted that any "law that discriminates against women is unconsitutional under the 14th amendment" (404 U.S 71). This case showcased that women are created equal as the consitution states. 404 U.S. 71 (1965) -
Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
This supreme court case goes beyond just corporation job refusal, it dives into educational employment as well. The case determined that no job can refuse to employ women with children around pre-school age but continue to employ men with children the same ages. This also means that in education women cannot be denied jobs because of their childrens ages.
400 U.S. 542 (1971) -
Title IX
This federal law prohibits the discrimination based on sex in any educational institution that is federally funded. This law forced schools to acknowledge that women were being discriminated against. If schools continued to discriminate, the federal government will take their funds. 20 U.S.C § 1681 -
Corning Glass Works v. Brennan
This case established equal pay for women completing the same work as men. This law help women educators gain fair and equal wages as their men counterparts.
417 U.S 188 -
Title IX Amended
This amendment brought forth regulations that require all schools recieveing federal funding to agree to Title IX with a document stating its compliance. This provided women with more assurance that school will comply with federal law. 20 U.S.C § 1681-1688 -
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools
This supreme court case made monetary damages a possiblilty under the Title IX law. This case set a precendent for other school to be held accountable for following federal law regarding womens rights. 503 U.S 60 (1991) -
Women's Educational Equity Act
Enacted by the Department of Education, the Women’s Educational Equity Act of 2001, provided more funding for educational opportunities for women. This allows for more equal and quality programs for women such as pregnancy programs, math and science programs, sexual harassment training, etc. Women’s Educational Equity Act § 5611-5618 -
Title IX Amended
The 2006 amendment to Title IX included sexual harassment, sexual violence, and safety for pregnant students to the protection clause. This allowed women to feel protected in schools without the fear of persecution or retaliation. 20 U.S.C § 1681-1688 -
Final Summary
Under Title IX, women’s rights in education has come a long way. Now women have created a society where they are equal to men. However, the United States has still fallen behind with the ever growing changes of the world. Gender discrimination laws do not provide protection for transgender students at this time. Congress is set to discuss protection laws for these students later this year. So as women have gained strength in education, a group of people are struggling to gain those basic rights.