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Norman B. Leventhal Map Center - Boston Public Library These tools were used as visual aids in the classroom.
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The History of the Classroom Blackboard The blackboard was used to help learners visualize instruction.
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Visualizing the Curriculum - Sir David BresterSteroscopic Photography - New York Public Library The steroscope allowed students to view 3D images.
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Silent films were used as tools to help visualize instruction. Educators felt that it was important for teachers to maintain control of the narrative that took place during instruction, hence later resistance to films with sound.
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From the 1920s to the 1940s, there were advances in media that changed the focus of education from visual to audiovisual instruction: for example, " sound recordings, radio broadcasting, and motion pictures with sound."
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This timespan covers WWII until the arrivals of PCs.
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There was a focus "on design, production and use of instructional media."
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During this time, theories of communication informed instructional design.
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242 Educational Channels
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Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of UnderstandingBloom's Taxonomy Written by Benjamin Bloom
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This Day in History This Russian advancement resulted in "the indirect launching of formative evaluation" and increased U.S. funding of math and science education.
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James D. Finn - Tech Learning Finn saw instructional technology as a means of solving instructional problems.
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Historical Evolution of Instructional Design & TechnologyWritten by Robert Mager
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Programmed Instruction Research conducted by B.F. Skinner on Operant Conditioning influenced this form of instruction.
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Previously, how well a student performed on a test was based on the performance of others, using a normal distribution. The criterion reference test enabled the assessment of individual student performance.
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Gagne', Glaser, and Silverman were the first to describe systematic processes or models used for instructional design.
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Communication Theory Berlo emphasized the process of communication over the media used.
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AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History Educational Technology - "the design and use of messages which control the learning process."
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He saw educational technology "as the application of science to instructional practices."
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Robert Gagne's Theory The 9 Events of Instruction are considered the cornerstone of instructional design.
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The Fundamentals of Formative Assessment Formative evaluation informs instruction by assessing student knowledge throughout the learning process. Educators can take the results of formative evaluations to modify or remediate instruction. Michael Scriven coined the term "formative evaluation."
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What is Educational Technology? Educational Technology - media from the "communications revolution" that can be used in addition to traditional teaching and a systematic way of using resources for "more effective instruction."
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Microcomputers in Education The use of microcomputers in education was predicted to have a great impact on instructional design.
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Systems Theory The systems approach required instructional designers to identify the individual components of a system and describe the interrelationships between components to develop and improve instruction or training.
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Educational & Instructional Technology replaced Audiovisual Instruction
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AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History This definition included the integration of people, processes, and things used to account and adjust for problems "involved in all aspects of human learning."
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The 70's: ID Models and Maturation TICCIT: Computer-Assisted Instruction funded by the National Science Foundation
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Cognitive Approach Cognitive psychology was seen as a way to inform instructional design.
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A Brief History of Microsoft Office Computers were seen as a means to an end, a way of completing tasks.
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A New World Dawns Time magazine calls the Personal Computer the Machine of the Year (1982)
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Pew Research: Internet's Influence on Education The potential impact of the Internet seems to offer endless possibilities. However, reality shows that the digital divide in access and technology literacy reinforces the disparities between the haves and the have-nots.
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AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History This definition included "the theory and practice of design."
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Changes in the Definition of Educational Technology by the AECT and JSET This definition of educational technology included the idea of "ethical practice" and "improving performance"
