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This case overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson, ruling that state-sponsored segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. This was a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement and had a profound impact on education policy. -
The Great Depression and the New Deal era ushered in a shift towards cooperative federalism, characterized by a more collaborative relationship between federal and state governments. This is often described as "marble-cake federalism" due to the blurring of responsibilities. The federal government became more involved in policy areas previously handled by states, utilizing grants-in-aid to encourage states to cooperate on national initiatives
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Ratified in 1913, this amendment granted Congress the power to levy an income tax, significantly expanding the federal government's revenue-generating capabilities and its ability to fund new programs and initiatives. -
Also ratified in 1913, this amendment provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, shifting power from state legislatures to the electorate and increasing the democratic nature of the Senate. -
The 15th Amendment prohibited denying the right to vote based on race. -
The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including formerly enslaved people, and established the principle of equal protection under the law, extending the Bill of Rights to the states. -
The 13th Amendment abolished slavery. -
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This case established the principle of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. This power is fundamental to the checks and balances system in the U.S. government. -
This era, also known as "layer-cake federalism," saw a clear division of powers between the national and state governments. Each operated independently within its own sphere of authority, with limited overlap. Examples of responsibilities traditionally held by states under dual federalism include education, law enforcement, and local commerce, while the federal government focused on foreign affairs and interstate commerce.
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British policy established after the French and Indian War, which prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. -
British law passed to raise revenue from the American colonies by taxing imported sugar, molasses, and other goods. -
The Stamp Act was a law passed by the British Parliament in 1765 that imposed a direct tax on the American colonies
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a series of British laws passed in 1767, named after the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Charles Townshend. -
British law designed to save the financially struggling British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies. -
A series of four laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.
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The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the thirteen British colonies in America, held in Philadelphia from September 5 to October 26, 1774. -
The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. -
A governing body formed by delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that convened in Philadelphia in May 1775, during the American Revolutionary War. -
The basic, sound, and practical judgment that is believed to be shared by all people. -
The Declaration of Independence is a formal statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, announcing that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.