-
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New Immagration.
- people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United States. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity and religious freedoms.
- mainly stayed in the NE region(NY,NJ, MA CONN) -farmers, handymen, sweatshops, industrial jobs ,basically anything they could find to support their families.
-
cornelius vanderbult-ferry railroad
-country's largest steam ship operators.
-gaineda reputation for being fiercely competitive and ruthless.
-vanderbilt university. -
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Great Migration
-after WW1
-the need for jobs
-government raised taxes
-harsh segregation laws
the 19th amenment-giving rights to women the right to vote.
-between 300,000 & 1,000,000 african americans moved to the north- chicago, detroit, NY
-harlam renessance -
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Ellis Island
-12 million immigrants in 62 years.
-had to pass physical examination.
-if had disease&health problems had to be sent back.
-northern & western europeans
-smart test. -
Morse Code
-a single -circut telegraph that worked by pushing the operator key down to complete the electric circuit of the battery. this action sent the electric signal across a wire to receiver at the other end.
-telegraph lines normaly ran the RR track since the RR used them 1st and the routes were already laid out.
Electric telegraps were to teduce the cost of sending a message compard to semaphores, and could be used non-stop, 24 hours a day. -
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Galveston Tx
-100,000 immigrants
-east european jews -
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"Tammy hall (Boss) Tweed"
-It gained and used political poer in m ajor urban in major urban areas, by controlling much of the industry money.
-the political machine targeted city's poor and immigrant populations.
-they supported w tweed abustedhis office by given in to corruption. -
Homestead Act
PHYSICAL
-grasslands (prairies)
-scare water supply
-harsh climates extremely cold winters and scorching summer
PURPOSE
-any citizen could occupy 160 aceres if they improved the land by making a or growing crops afterit would be theirs.
HUMAN
-moved to the west after the civil war.
-dry farming,planted seeds deeper to reach moisture.
-homes bulit grom grass and mud (sod).
AMERICAN INDIANS
-push out of the midwest for hunting grounds and homes.
-resisted and were killed and sent to new terr. -
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Cattle Drive Era
when thr civil war ended, several million lon horned cattle grazed the great plains of texas.
-Ended bt expansion of railroad lines to the south.
-The citites got larger, people wanted more beef.
-farmers used babed wire to keep cattle &other animals off their land. -
The Jungle
Exposed the food company
-author -
First Transcontinental Railroad "Pacific Railroad"
-a 3,000-mile journey that had previously taken moths to complete could now take only days bby rail.
-More importantly, the abundant resources of the west coast cpuld be shipped quickly (crops& cattle) amd profitably to insatiable eastern markets, greatly spurring the development of the western economy.
-In years to come, thousands of emigrant rode the rails westward to homestead land, enroaching on native american territories and hastening the demise of their way of life. -
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Rise of Labor Unions
-worked 10-14 hours a day
-commited to an organization to seeking 8 hrs. a day only.
-abolition of child labor.
-equal pay for equalwork & safe work enviroment.
-believed on boycotts and arbitration. -
Event rockefeller standard oil company
-became on of the worlds weakth best men and a major philanthropist.
-he established standard oil which by the early 1880's controlled 90%of the us refinerires and pipeline. -education, medicine. -
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Gilded Age & Westward Expansion
"This time period is characterrized by economic growth , widespread poverty, westward expansion, and political corruption." the gilded age was an age of era of economic growth, especially in the north and west. american wages , especially for skilled workers , were much higher than in europe, which attracted millions of immagrants. -R/R were the major industry ,but the factory system,mining, and finance increased.
-labor unions became important in industrial areas. -
Women christian temperance monement
-purpose was to create a "sober & pure"world" by abstinence, purity & evangelical chritianity.
-france willard,second pres of WCTU ENFL, by her bro, being an alcoholic,
-mom & dad switched roles
-WCTU veiwed as radicals & encouraged anti - alcohol -
bessemer steel production process
The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. -the bessemer process revolutionized steel manufacturing by decresing it cost.
-R/R tunede to steel steel rails 10X longer than rails.
-steel building and steel bridges built higher and longer. -
Assassination of James Garfield
-James Garfield was assassinated by charles J. Guiteau.
-He didnt get a job.
-consequence: death penalty -
Haymarket Riot
strikers during th e union action at the mcCormick harvesting machine company the was part of a national campagin -
Sherman Antitrust Act
-purpose to prevent the artificial raising of prices by restriction of trade or supply.
-caused the standard oil company of ohio, devised a new type of agreement to over come prohibitions of owning stock in other corporations (MONOPLOIES)
-Effected johmn D rockefeller the CAPTAIN of the oil industry -
interstate commerce act
-law to regulate RR industry.
-an act that will regualte RR rates to shippers and farmers "reasonable and just "
-1st ffederal law to regulate private industry in the us -
Hull House
-was a settlement house in the u.s. that was co founded in 189 by jane addams andellen gates starr.
-located on the near westside of chicago/ illinois.
-main purpose was to teach english and americanize them. -
henry cabot, U.S. Rep
-lodge demanded congressional control of declaration of war, wilson of declaration of war -
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populists peoples party
unlimmitec coind and silver single term for pres direct elections of senatores (17th ammendment) -
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The populist"people"s party"
-unlimited coined silver, single term for press., Direct elections of senators, graduted income tax, shorter WORK day, immigration limits.
-cause- farmers in the south and mid west against the democratic and republican parties for ignoring their interest and difficulties -supporters- national farmers alliance and the collored famres alliance & Knights of labor (union)
-1892 election of 5 senators , 1896 &1900 nominated william B. jennings for Pres.nearly won both times. -
Homestead Strike
*carnegie steel co. was determined to break the union.
*locking the workers out of the plant.
*Frick (Companies Manager) sent for 300 pinkerton guards but when they arrived the were met by 10,000 strikers, many og them armed.
*after an all-day battle, the pinkertons surrendered.
* -
carnegie steel company
-dominated in the steels business
-in 1901, he sold the carnegie steel company to banker john peirpont morgan for 480 million. -
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sanford b. dole
was the president of hawaii the 1st govenor.
-hawaii was under monarch, he started a coop& over threw the queen lilioukawani w1 the help of the u.s. ambassador amnd us marine corps us declare a provisional gov. at hawaii w/ date on power .
-unit hawaii was annex. -
Pullman Strike
*factory wages at the company fell 25% but the rents George PullmanCharged did not decrease.
*3,000 pullman workers went on a " wild cat" strike that is without authorization. -
J.P.morgan U.S. steel
their firm was reorganized as jp morgan&company, a Predecessor of the modern day financial giant. JP morgan chase.
-dominated in the steel corp art, literature,gemstones -
Plessy V.Ferguson
- Supreme Court ruled that "seperate but equal" facilities were legal. *Seperate but equal contituitional law that justufied and permitted racial segregation. *effects- seggregated restrooms, theatres, RRcars & schools.
-
Discovery of Gold in the Klondike Region
The Klondike Gold Rush, also called Yukon Gold Rush, the , and Last Great Gold Rush, was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of the Yukon in north-western Canada between 1896 and 1899. Gold was discovered there on August 16, 1896 and, when news reached Seattle and San Francisco the following year, it triggered a stampede of prospectorsb with mountainous terrain and cold climate this meant that those who persisted did not arrive until summer 1898. -
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Spanish- American War
cause- keeping europeans out of latin america
location- san jaun hill ,havanna , battle of manilla bay
peace treaty - treaty of peace- 1898
we jhad control over cuba phillipines guam, puerto rico annexed hawaii -
open door policy
-Giving equal trading rights to all foreign nations in china.
-american trade would be shut down by china and by the europeans power -
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Panama canal
-built to help shorten the distance to 14,000 to 6,000
-went through central amereica
-u.s paying for the the panama canal
-made it easier for ships to deliver products -
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Progressive "bull moose" party
plat form - called for major reforms incliding womens sufferage social welfare assistance for women and children farm releif revisions in banking health insurance in banking -
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muckrakers journalism
muckrakers journalism often workeed to expose social corporate monoploys and crooked political -
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Social Gospel
started by protestant minister
beleifs applied christian ethics to social problems, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tension, slums, child labor. inadequate labor unions
acheived? reformers inspired by the movement opreaated by jane addams -
NAACP
-National associton for the advancement of colored people.
-Founded Feb. 12. 1909, the NAACP is the nation's oldest, largest and most widely recognized grassroots-based civil rights organization.
W.E.B. DuBois - helped established NAACP, encouraged liberla arts aducation African Ameerican civil rights leaders. -
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Angel Island
-chinese/asian immigrants.
-Had to prove they had husband or father in u.s.
-spent most time in barrak's
-detained for weeks.months, years.
-chinese exclusion act.
-california. -
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world war 1
- first world war settled in europe -the assination of archduke franz ferdinand and was shots during the start of the war for the protection of serbia -us didnt get involvee until 1917
-
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Weapons of total war
s-ubmarines, underwater vessel used to attack enemies
l-andmines a device used on or underground to disable enemeies
-machine guns , automatic portable firearm.
-trench warfarm fighting in trenches one to the other in a deep hole.
-canned food in the trench can go find food canned food last a long time pro long war
-poison gas -chemical warfare to blind or slow down opponents
-tanks- used to get through trenches
airpplanes observe and reconaisance -
sinking tof the lusitania
sinking of the lusitania occured on 7 may 1915 during the first word war as germany waged submarine war fare against the united kingdom of great britain
sinking turned public opinion in may countries agaianst germany contributed to the american entry into world war 1 and became an iconic symbol in military recruiting of the war was being fought. -
german unrestricted submarine war fare
german declared the are around the are the british isles a war zone in which all amrked merchant ships, including those from neutral countries, would be attacked by the german
-the sinking of the british ship lusitania with am citizen by a german u boat brought am into the war while woodrow wilson was pres. -
Espionage act
-The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I.
-It was intended to prohibit interference with military operations or recruitment, to prevent insubordination in the military, and to prevent the support of U.S. enemies during wartime. -
U.S. soldier alvin york
-alvin york reportedly killed over 20 soldiers and saptures an additional 132 at the head of a small detachment in the argone forrest neuse river in france.
-alvin took on more then 100 german soldiers killing more then 100 german soldiers killing the men 1 by 1
-germans surrendered ,returning to recieve the congressional medal of honor.. -
Treaty Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I.
-It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.
-It was signed on 28 June 1919,
-The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties
-. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. -
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" Nativism in the 20's and 30's "
the protecting of interest of native-born or white americans against immigrants. -
chinese exclusionary act
-a federal law signed by president chester a. author.
-0ne of the most significant restrictions on immigration in u.s. history.
Cause///- those on the west coast were especially prone to declining wages and aconomic ills on the dispired chinesed workers congress wanted to keep white pure
Effect///- -
scopes mokey trial know
the scopes trial know as the state of tennesee VS. john thomas scopes .
-it famous case in 1925 in which a sub hs teacher, F scopes taught human evolution.
-scopes was found guilty and fined 1.00$ but the trial was in order to attract publicity to the small town of daytona , tennesee -
stockmarket crash of 1929
buying on the margin-buying stocks by using $ you borrow from your stockbroker
return to normalicy-return to the way of life before world war 1 american first plan- protection tariffs (tax imports coming to america)
disposable income- personal income is often used to guage the overall state of the economy.
bank run-customers withdraw their accounts simultaneously due to concerns about the banks going under.
bank failure-occurs when a bank is unable to meet its obligations all of these caused -
Eugenics
eugenics - is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population.
location new york city
Social Darwinists generally argue that the strong should see their wealth and power increase while the weak should see their wealth and power decrease.
use to depot immigrant for bad traits
-KKK became popular during th 20's and 30's using ideas -
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FDR's first term
frankilin D. Roosevelt defeatedherbert hoover.
one major issue was the great depression his famous quote was
"we shouldnt fear anything rather than fear itself.' this ,eant that we shouldnt fear anything than the fear inside us -
"Eleanor roosevelt as activist"
-cicvil rights activitist
-She served on the board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Advisory Council for Peace Corp
-Eleanor also lobbied for the 1934 Costigan-Wagner Bill to make lynching a federal crime, and arranging a meeting between FDR and NAACP president. Fearing he would lose the votes of Southern congressional delegations for his legislative agenda, FDR refused to publicly support the bill due to his position in office as preident. -
war bonds
United States Treasury offered Americans War Bonds they could purchase during the war. A War Bond was an investment in one’s country and a investment in one’s own financial future. -
rationing
The rationing of food helped the US to send food to England troops. Rationing The Fuel and oil to get war planes active and ships and vehicles. Also with the clothing manufactures to create shoes and uniforms for men in war. -
Migrant Mothers
-Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary ,photographer ,and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work.
- Lange’s work helped significantly develop the field of social documentary photography, which brought use photographs to influence politics and social change. -
alfred mohan; influence of sea power
- called" the most important american strategist of the 19th century. his concept of "sea power" was based on greater naval power
-
victory gardens
the vegetable gardens helped to make sure that an adequte food supply was available for both troops and civilians. the gardens helped people in rural and urban neighborhoods grow their own food for their families. -
HUAC
huse un-american activities commitee
-pointed the finger at actors, directors,writers of bienig un-american
-if convicted a member of of communist they were "black listed" and lost everything
-forced to make a loyal oath to never go back to being communist
-most thought that the HUAC abused some of theses peoples civil rights... -
"rosie the Riveter"
for many women in America , WWll brought not only sacrofices, but also new jobs, new skills, and new oppurtunities. Millions of women entered the workforce when men were drafted into the military. -
major events of WWII (part 2)
-The Bataan Death - took place in the phillipines in 1942 after the japenense took over the phillipine islands; and filipino prisoner of war were forcibly marched 60 miles through the jungle resulting in many fatalities -the invasions of normandy- June 6,1944, allied invasion of northern france to repel the occupation of the german Army -
military leaders of WWII (part20
-George patton - colorful and celebrated tank commander for the third
bernard montgomery british ,military commandeer who drove the germans out of north africa -
holocaust
-the systematic, bueratic , state sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million jews and political prisoners , physically and mentaly diabled by the nazi regime and its colaborators from 1941-1945 -
Major Events os WWII (part1)
-Battle of midway- significant battle in the pacific (considering the turning point) after the battle , japans ship building and pilot training programs were unable to keep pace in replacing their losses, while the U.S, steadily increased output in both areas.
-the U.S. military advancement through the pacifc islands- known as "island hopping" the goal was to attain a position close enough to maitain japan to conduct an attack. -
WWII inventions pt 2
M-1 SMI AUTOMATIC RIFLE
-Fired faster than a single shot rifle
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
-atomic bombs big bombs used to destroy large areas
DRIED BLOOD PLASMA
-helped with giving blood to injured soldiers -
WWII inventions pt 1
RADAR
-helped people find aircraft and enemies.
HIGGINS BOATS
-was an amphibious boat and used in amphibious landings that could drive on land and go in the water.
-designed by andrew higgins
TORPEDOES
-was a self propelling weapon that explodes and is shot above or below water used to take out ships or subs
IMPROVED SUB WARFARE
-fighting underwater and used under water mines to destroy subs -
Excutive Order 9066
-A United States presidential executive order issued during World War II by the President FDR authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones.
-The attack amoung pearl harbor created fear among many Americans, especially along the west coast, the Japenese americans might commit acts of sabotage.
-EO 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. -
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U.S. office of war information.
A United States government agency created during World War II to put together an exexisting government information services and deliver propaganda both at home and abroad. OWI operated through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other forms of media, the OWI was the connection between the battlefront and civilian communities -
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Berlin Airlift
The Western Allies organised the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.
the Soviet Union blocked all road and rail travel to and from West Berlin, which was located within the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany. The Soviet action was in response to the refusal of American and British officials to allow Russia more say in the economic future of Germany. -
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KOREAN WAR
-causes: After WWII communist North Korea invaded South Korea United States fighting the Soviets in Korea -results:a treaty divided the penninsula along the 38th parallel
when north Korea turned communist -cease fire,today it is the most gaurded border -truman doctrine: stopped the spread to other countries
helping South Korea falls under the Truman doctrine because america helped contain communism from going to South Korea or not past the 38th parallel -
ROCK-N-ROLL
a form of popular music that evolved in the 1950's from rhythm and blues; characterized by the use of electric guitars, a strong rhythm with an accent on the offbeat, and youth-oriented lyrics It characterized a generational divide between youths and adults. -
creation of the polio vaccine by Dr.Jonas Salk
-On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Dr. Jonas Salk announces on a national radio show that he has successfully tested a vaccine against poliomyelitis, the virus that causes the crippling disease of polio.
-By the early 1960's these vaccines had virtually eliminated polio from american life and from much of the rest of the world -
SENATE HEARING LED BY JOSEPH
RED SCARE II also McCarthyism McCarthyism – term coined by political cartoonist Herbert Block in a 1950 cartoon in reference to Senator JosephMcCarthy The fear of communism (a second Red Scare) increased throughout the 1950s
extreme opposition to communism gained the name
“McCarthyism” from the efforts of Senator McCarthy in 1950 announced that communists worked in the State Dept. He dentify known communists and accused others due to 1000's falsely accused he lost the senators ra -
Orval Faubus
-He is best known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of the Little Rock ISD during in which he defied a decision of the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African-American students from attending Little Rock Central High School. -
civil rights act of 1957
-first civil rights legislation sice reconstruction it was primarily protection of voting rights
-established a federal civil rights commission with authority to investigate discriminitatory conditions
-empowered federal prosecutors to obtain court injunctions against against interference -
Pendleton Act of 1883
-patronage system, political party, after winning an election, gives you government jobs to suppoters, friend relatives as a reward for working toward victory.
-merit system , process of pro oting& hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job. (cause ) after president garfeld assassination -
sam walton
An American businessman and entrepreneur born in Kingfisher, Oklahoma, best known for founding the retailers Walmart and Sam's Club. -
george wallace govenor of alabama
45th governor of alabama from 1963- 1967 he said i "segregation now segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"
in 1963 pres. jfk -
"letter from from birming ham jail"
"there are two types of laws, just and unjust, "wrote Dr.Martin Luther king Jr., frommjail in 1963 -
national organization for woman
These women’s rights activists were frustrated with the way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. . It hoped to increase the amount of women attending colleges and graduate schools, employed in professional jobs instead of domestic or secretarial work, and appointed to federal offices. also one of the first women’s organizations to include the concerns of black women in their efforts -
tet offensive
-It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam.
-communists launched a wave of attacks in the late night hours of 30 January in the I and II Corps Tactical Zones of South Vietnam. This early attack did not lead to widespread defensive measures. -
Policy pf "Vietnamization"
Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration during the Vietnam War to end the U.S.' involvement in the war and expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops. -
Tinkervs. Des Moines
Des Moines, Iowa John F. Tinker and his siblings decided to wear black armbands to their schools in protest of the Vietnam War and supporting the Christmas Truce.
The Tinker test is still used by courts today to determine whether a school's disciplinary actions violate students' First Amendment rights. -
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Gerald Ford
serving from 1974 to 1977, prior to this, was the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974 under President Richard Nixon. He was the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, after Spiro Agnew resigned. When he became president upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the first and to date only person to have served as both Vice President and President of the United States without being elected by the -
Military leaders of WWII
-omar bradley- "the soldiers general" served with patton in north amaerica and italy, led the first army on the D-day landings -dwight eisenhower - commander of allied forces in europe for the -
congressional southern dem.
-June 10 marked the 1st x in its history that the senate voted to end debate on civil rights bill
-9 days later , the senate passed the most supporting civil rights legislation in the nations -
mendez vs. westminister
federal court case that challenged racial segregation orange county , california schools