Prematurity is twice as likely in mothers who smoke as opposed to nonsmoking mothers. Additionally, the number of cigarettes smoked per day can affect the severity of the prematurity, Simpson.
The risk of sickness in children was reduced when both parents did not smoke but increased when only one parent was a smoker and increased more when both parents smoked, Colley.
Passive smoking (second-hand smoking) can affect the physical growth of children with cystic fibrosis, Rubin.
There is little to no respiratory effect of exposure to ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) on children between the ages of 3-5, with the exception of asthma, Gergen.
Children would benefit if parents immediately stopped smoking once they were born, even if the mother smoked during pregnancy, Cook & Strachan.
Children with asthma and bronchitis are more likely to have parents that are smokers and addicted to nicotine, Mahabee-Gittens.
Prenatal maternal smoking can often lead to asthma, while postnatal parental smoking can lead to a variety of respiratory health problems, Pattenden.
Prenatal exposure to smoking can lead to asthma and wheezing in the early years of the child’s life, Silvestri.
Prenatal smoking can lead to accelerated telomere shortening which causes early biological aging at an early age, Osorio-Yanez.