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In the fourth century → done the individual tribes became conscious of themselves as a people, and Roman opposition to these tribes facilitated their cohesion.
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Essentially a negotiation between the theology of the basic trinity in christianity. Specific teachings included creation being transient and the father being the true god of the trinity.
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Was fought between the romans and the visigoths, co
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Galla Placidia, Roman princess and half-sister of Honorius, emperor of the Western Empire, sat next to Athaulf, barbarian king of the Visigoths.
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His rule gave the European monasticism a settled form
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The Franks who came to assume a position of leadership when, in a reprise of Constantine’s conversion, their king, Clovis, became an orthodox Catholic Christian
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Pope Gregory I the Great fostering dominant institutions of Latin Christendom the papacy and monasticism. Partly from policy, more through chance, the papacy gradually became the focus of Western religion and society. Gregory's firmly Latin and Western ideas put a marked distance between him and the contemporary Eastern church, and he was the first pope to take an active interest in spreading the Gospels to the barbarian invaders of the empire, sending St. Augustine of Canterbury to Kent in 597
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Roman Christianity won its crucial test over Celtic at the Synod of Whitby (663 or 664), when King Oswy of Northumbria chose to adopt Roman practice for his kingdom; over the following century Celtic monasteries generally yielded to Roman practice. When Spain fell to Islam, the British Isles became the most loyal and secure center of Roman Christianity.
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In the early 720s Boniface, the Benedictine monk who bears the title “apostle of Germany,” chopped down an oak sacred to the worship of the German god Thor at Geismar, this was interpreted to be the replacement of the “false gods” of paganism with the Christian deity.
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The pope crowned the Frankish king Charles, known as Charlemagne, as Holy Roman Emperor. This act recognized an existing reality rather than creating something entirely new, but it has since become a key symbol of the spiritual unity of “Christian Europe” as a cultural identity.
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The Great Schism of 1054 split the unity between Eastern and Western Christians, who had both believed they were part of the universal Catholic Church. After the split, Western Christians called themselves Catholics, and Eastern Christians called themselves Orthodox.
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Leo IX, the first in a long line of reforming popes, died in 1054. He was chosen as pope and placed in the position by his cousin, Emperor Henry III. Leo brought advisers from his home in Lorraine and other northern areas, including Humbert of Moyenmoutier, whom he had made the cardinal bishop of Silva Candida in 1050
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The East and West had different theological roots—Greek philosophy shaped the East, while Roman law influenced the West—leading to disagreements like the addition of "and from the Son" (Filioque) to the Nicene Creed by the West. Other disputes included clerical celibacy and church practices. Political tensions worsened, and in 1054, mutual excommunications between Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael Cerularius finalized the split.
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Combining as they did religious zeal, military ambition, national rivalry, and a yearning for the exotic, the Crusades,beginning at the Council of Clermont
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Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) lectured and got involved in the political affairs of several European countries, including Germany, England, and France. Lutheran beliefs focus on salvation by faith alone, the authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers, following the teachings of Martin Luther. They also supported Christian missions and believed in spreading the Gospel.
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The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, led by Pope Innocent III, was a key moment in strengthening papal power, with leaders from across Western Europe supporting the Pope. The council explained important teachings, like the belief that the bread and wine in the Eucharist become Christ’s body and blood, and set up rules to fight heresy.
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A major defeat for Christian forces against the Ottomans, led by Sultan Bayezid I. This victory helped the Ottomans strengthen their control in southeastern Europe and delayed Christian resistance to the spread of Islam.
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This confession in the church had a huge impact on Luthenian culture.
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The Lutheran chorale, which began with the hymns of Luther himself, flourished from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, producing not only hundreds of new liturgies and hymnals but also the sacred music of Johann Sebastian Bach
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both sides of the Atlantic were already forming societies and institutes for the study and reform of liturgy ex: the Lutheran Liturgical Association (1907); the Hochkirchliche Vereinigung, founded by Friedrich Heiler (1919); the Berneuchen Circle (1923), from which came the Michaelsbruderschaft (1931) and the Alpirscbacher Circle (1933).
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A key moment in European history when secularism and Christianity clashed was the Kulturkampf in 19th-century Germany, where the newly unified German empire tried to reduce the power of the Roman Catholic Church. Later, in Nazi Germany, the German Christians movement linked Christianity with Germanic beliefs and Aryan purity.
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the first time since the Reformation—grew within such a milieu, first with the American revision, then with revisions in Scotland, Canada, England, South Africa, and the United States in the 1920s.
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The English writer Hilaire Belloc summed up the importance of the idea that Europe must be Christian in a 1912 quote: "Europe will return to the [Christian] faith, or it will perish. The faith is Europe. And Europe is the faith."
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The Liturgical Movement in the Episcopal Church in the United States gained strength with the creation of the Associated Parishes for Liturgy and Mission. This movement focused on improving worship practices and making church services more meaningful and accessible to people.
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Through the publishing of pamphlets and annual conferences, this organization promoted a renewed liturgy within the Episcopal Church, paving the way for the 1979 revised Book of Common Prayer.