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Brown vs. Board of Education
In the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that it was unconstitutional for public schools to be segregated based on race. Judicial Law Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 US 483 (1954). Retrieved from https://www.uscourts.gov/educational-resources/educational-activities/history-brown-v-board-education-re-enactment -
Title IV Civil Rights Act of 1964
Title IV Civil Rights Act of 1964 states that “No person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any problem or activity receiving federal financial assistance from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.” (Title IV of the CRS of 1964, 25 U.S.C.A. § 640a). Constitutional Law -
Title IV Civil Rights Act of 1964 (cont.)
Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 25 U.S.C.A. § 640a et seq. Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/crt/fcs/TitleVI -
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
This act was signed into law by the U.S. Congress to shorten the achievement gap for low socio-economic families by providing public schools with federal funding to provide equal access to education. Federal Law Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/education-department -
Bilingual Education Act (BEA)
The needs of limited English speaking students were first recognized by the U.S. federal legislation. This act signaled that the federal government recognized special education needs of students not fluent in English and the value of bilingual education programs (20 USC § 3489). Federal Law
Statutory Law Bilingual Education Act, 20 USC § 3489. Retrieved from http://uscode.house.gov/. -
Lau v. Nichols
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (Lau v. Nichols, 1974). Judicial Law Lau v. Nichols, 414 US 563 (1974). Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/ell/lau.html -
Equal Education Opportunities Act (EEOA)
The EEOA (20 USC § 1701-1758) prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires schools to take action in overcoming to students having equal participation. Federal Law Equal Education Opportunities, 20 USC § 1701-1758. Retrieved from
https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/equal-educational-opportunities-act-action -
Bilingual Education Act Amendment of 1988
The amendments to the BEA of 1964 increased federal funding to state education agencies, special alternative programs, and professional training (20 USC § 3489). Federal Law
Statutory Law Bilingual Education Act, 20 USC § 3489. Retrieved from http://uscode.house.gov/. -
Texas House Bill 3 (HB 3)
The Texas Education Code (29 TEC § 29.051-29.055) established that public schools are responsible for providing opportunity for all students to be competent in speaking, reading, writing, and comprehending the English language. Bilingual education and special language programs were also established. Administrative Law
Statutory Law Bilingual Education and Special Language Programs, 29 Tex. Edu.
Code § 29.051-29.055 Retrieved from https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/ED/htm/ED.29.htm -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
The NCLB Act was an update to the ESEA and was established by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. Schools would be held accountable to test and report all results of students in order to receive federal funding (No Child Left Behind, repealed 2015). Federal Law No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, 20 U.S.C.A. § 6301 et seq.
(repealed 2015). Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtml -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
The ESSA retained some of the testing requirements established by the No Child Left Behind Act but shifted accountability to the states. Federal Law Retrieved from https://www.ed.gov/essa -
Current State of Law
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) is the nation's main and most current law concerning equal educational rights for all students. This law was passed in 2015 by former President Obama. The ESSA replaced the No Child Left Behind act but kept the state standardized test component.
