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military spending on programme
1964-1982- during brezhnev era
wanted to bridge gaap between ussr and usa
after the cmc- ussr realise that they need huge develop -
they had to become reliant on the usa for grain imports esp as the pop were growing at fast rate
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the whole world was suffering from this crisis but ussr do to insufficient planning and management failed to make use of this crisis and rise the oil prices which would have greatly benefited their economy
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had to rise imports from usa make sure that their own people do not starve
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was a joint venture between ussr and usa
1975 1st international partnership
lasted 9 days
carried out 5 joint experiments and exchanges commemorative items -
in the 70s it was quite synchronised with usa- at a level of 3% but in 50s it was higher with 5-6% growth.
showed the economic problems that gorb had inherited and the probs -
they were two chain stores that allowed the ussr to recevie hard currency, gave foreignr opport to buy sov goods caviar and vodka and gave sov resdnt oppr to trade hard currency for checks to buy foreign goods like philips tvs and casettes
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alot of discontent and criticism, this was allowed even more so due to hand held copying machines
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they were spending 15-20% of their annual gdp on military even during detente- this increased to even higher nbs when fears over sdi in 1983
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during detente which was signif lower than that of ussr 15-20%
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reagan tell militr, science and tech indiv that usa come up wth initiative to get rid of nukes
thought that defence against icbms possible and tis would encrg ussr to reduce stockpile of weapons
SDI would destroy nukes in space before reaching target
nothing more than an idea- impsb to build
drove paranoia in ussr -
took office from 1982 following brezhnevs death and died in 1984
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took to office following yuri andropovs death in 194 but then he too died in 1985
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he wanted to reform the policies inorder to beat the economic and social stagnation that the ussr were dealing with unnder brezhnev
this was blocked by communist hardliners-feared a shift to communist -
alcoholism- meant alot of injuries at work, absenteeism, missing lots of day of work, low productivity
lack of foreign invstmnt- state too involved
no creativity or innovation
inflation not in line with wages, lots of strikes and unrest
gorbch crack down on alchl, rise the price, arrest drunks in publ, limit times to sell alch- solve absenteeism and up productivity -
social reforms, improve economic performance and struct- but not dismantle complet
decentralis planning- more freedom and self managmnt- state still in charge tho
mangrs in charge no interf from GOSPLAN
end state price controls
perestrk- fixed sovs econ hardships but also 'NEW THINKING' attracted foreign invstmnt -
huge arsenal does not = safety
cold war needs to end
econ and social policies= safety
securit comes from world cooperation, tried to integrate sov into global structure and reduce cold war tensions -
both reject agressn openly
saw 3000 journalist cover the summit
thought they would cut offensive weapons by 50%
gorb 'reasonable sufficiency'- maintain only nukes deemed reasonable and sufficient
shift back to negotiaition rather than confrontation
1st time that a soviet leadr excepts huge cuts without demanding the same from usa
made agrmnt on intermediate nuclear forces
SDI continue cause tension - usa defensive, ussr seen as way put offensv wpn into space -
satellite states going through same probs as ussr
gorb make clear he will not intervene- encrg perestroika and glasnost
east eu states unhappy threat of military intervention was alaways there but it provided them support and knowledge that ussr would intervene to uphold their regime -
material support to east eu- too costly- more of a burden and nuissance- 14 bill a year
the boycotting of moscow olympics
trade embargoes and sanctions due to afgh
afghn war- very costly- 8 bill a year
nuke armament through roof due to fears surrounding SDI -
central america was no longer strategically or politically important for USA and so there was no more uncond support for the right wing regimes in place
durig a 25yr period, the USA brought down 24 govs inorder to ensure a pro-USA. -
he was alot younger than previous leaders(gerentocracy, country led by old people) and so he was popular- he had different outlooks and plans he wanted to revitalise economy, the living standars in ussr signif lower than those in west, shows that socialsm not working
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led to re-exam of past and actions, collectvstn and party purges
those persecuted by stln- rehabilitated-
openness esp after chhernobyl disaster in 1986- gov initl try suppress news, but reports from sweden about hugh lvls of radiation in air
forcd to make public -
In iceland
reagan will get rid of all nukes, but gorb thought sdi should be gone too, no agrmnt till thats done, but reag unwilling get rid of sdi
discussed huan rights and humanitarian issues but there were no concrete agreements -
I realised that gorbachev brought me to Iceland with one purpose: kill the SDI' and that made me angry
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jaruleski- reconcile with solidarity- outlawed them in 1981 and placed martial law
now remove martial lawz in sep 1986- political amnesty for ldrs and those involved
this coincided with econ downturn for poland, more strikes due to inflation , due to policy of glasnost and perest ppl free to critique- gov not allowed to suppress, had to work with people to resolve probs -
18,000 comm officials were dismissed and replaced with russians, they knew nothing of the language or culture and his triggered rise in nationalism which agitated for ethnic Uzbek rule and indep
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this was seen as humiliating to kazakhstan and proof of further ethnic russian domination. 16 dec riots out in streets and gov crackdown arresting thousands
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INFsigned - rid of all missiles between 500-5500Km - all to be destroyed by june 1991
ussr rid of 1846 intermed range ballistic missiles while usa 846
gorb declare that ussr removal from afghanistan by 1989
ussr more weapon bcuz they were less powerful
1st time they both agree removal whole class of weapons
ussr made deal without asking to remove idea of SDI- realised it was never going to materialise -
under the new law on state enterprise intially only allowed 49% of all ussr businesses but by 1990 it was 100%
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intermediate range nuclear forces- took place ein washington
first ever treaty to eliminate an entire class of weapons -
ussr realise cannot continue giving east eu cheap raw materials and trade benefits- toll on ussr
moved away from centralised planning- which rendered comecon useless- many east eu states were moving towards market based econ -
useless parts were eliminated - get rid of corruption and redundancy
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under gorbachev perestroika and glasnost policies, the ussr and usa had 61 joint venures including in technology and natural resources by 1988
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it was good in that it got productivity up and increased life expectancy's, alcohol consumption decreased by 40%
but this had a toll on the revenue which had 15% relying on alcohol production and it also allowed the black market to boom
cost 100bill rubles, in taxes -
may-june 1988
goal- agree to START- limit nuke to 5000 each side
no headway on start- instead the focus was on human rights- where 7 treaties were signed, student exchange and fishing programmes
vry important gave reagan to sov ppl, spome to students at moscow uni, gave vision of a free ussr with no totalitarian regime, resonated with listeners
journalist asked if he still consid evil emp, he said no diff time another era -
usa initially support fnla but switched to UNITA as fnla wknd by mpla
mpla given money $1bill help them, cuba provide 10,000 troops without consult moscow first
sa- dont want civil war go on forever, not sprtd by ANC bcuz of apartheid, want end, destabalise region
accords in 1988 new york cuba agree to withdrawl of troops, possbl bcuz of ussr and usa, SA stability aswell as south west afr- no renewd conf with MPLA -
crisis, armenians in nagarno-korabakh region asked for indepe- they want to be in sov armenia
ussr no- if they sprts nationa movm, lead to more, domn effc, fall of ussr -
due to price rises of 200% as Poland was seriously indebted to other countries, the strikes led the government jarulezski to legalise Solidarity and to enter negotiations wth solidarity and the catholic church
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rise in nationalism declare want indp esp after finding mass graves in woods outside of minsk of people that were executed under the stalinist era by the nkvd
belarus popular front party established -
the amount that they had to borrow inorder to compensate for state spending, meant that consumer goods prices skyrocketed
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solidarity was recognised as a polticial party not just a trade union
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was done to give the enterprises more freedom - was part of perestroika
goal was to move away from the central planning and authority, it would give the busnss more say in how to run and structure the business, plan own production and marketing , hope they would be more self sufficient and efficient -
estimated half of the rivers in slovakia were polluted and 3/4 of the wells were deemed unsafe to drink- the hospitals were built just to treat children with respiratory alignmnets as many if the forests in Czechoslovakia had died
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inorder fofr the cold war to end - usa need gorbachev to be in power, lead relations and cooperation, usa to do nothing to undermine the stability of his position as ldr
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agreed to be done by 1991
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the second largest republic within the ussr, if it chose to leave the would be irreparable damage, there were huge protests in lvov to ask for greater toleration of ukrainian christians and culture. the rukh- ukranian nationalist party was funded in 1989 and by 1990 they declared that their main goal was no longer autonomy within the ussr but indp from
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it was a demonstrationn in honour/ memeory of a czech student who killed himself- was organised by Vaclav Havel and 13 mbs- all who were arrested
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20 protestors die, huge tensions- heightnd demands
more tha 100k ppl gather infront of gov offices and called for georgias indepen, troops were sent more than 200 wounded just hightened nationalism -
proces sof more reforms after janos kadar resigned- more reforms implmnt by new ldr- nemelm
open brd with austria- influx of east ger- failures of comm
thought that is HSWP- hung social wrk party most pop- win outright- allowed electrions- move away from comm, elect moved hung to democracy
made a trade deal worth 1bill deutschamrk loan west ger- econ reforms which then allowed for the political reforms too -
he was a reformer, feb 1989 the party accepted that hungry would have to beome a multi-party democracy to avert revolution, the commie party reformed to make the hungarian socialist party hwvr not pop won only 11% votes not part of coalition but it did make a return in 1994
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1989- coalition gov dominated by solidarity, solidarity won 92 out of the 100 seats in the Sejm's upper house and 160 out of 161 in the lower house. 2 weeks later communists won all the seats reseved for them which was 65% this pleased gorby as it safeguarded communist control while giving enough political concessions to please the west and get them to aid poland
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gorbachev gave a speech in which he informed the european council that the european home is excludes all possibilty of armed struggle
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moved towards represent in gov
allowed ppl to run and vote- solidarity reprsnt in gov
in the sejm- lower house 35% of seats were freely elected as to maintain the comm majority- sovs pleased
won 92 out of 100 seats in senate
wont 160 out of 161 seats in compete for diet- parlament
many refuse to vote for diet unless solidarity represented
lech walesa- ldr of soldrty- 1989 7 aug- demand gov led by solidarity- approved by ussr within 2 weeks -
huge, wencelas square- vadav havel arrstd along 13 mbrs econ and poltcl reforms needed
estmtd that 3/4 of well water unsuitable for human consmption and rivers in slvk were polluted, not enough hospitals and children brthng issues, gov intro some reforms, ppl argue not enough
21 aug led to huge protests -
lithuan, latvia and eston want indp- clear plan, had a baltic assembly in TALLIN 1989
23 aug 1989 show call for unity and independ
MADE THE BALTIC WAY- 2 million people form chain across the three republics -
long live poland, long live dubcek- mass protest against ht ecommunist government and lack of reforms- they introduced limited economic reforms but the people saw this as insufficietn
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told honnecker to follow the example of the poles and hung and that life punishes late comers
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a gdr official (gunter schabowski) made a mistake on live broadcast when announcing new travel laws, said they'd be able to go west without passes and that this would be in effect immediately.
ppl rush to wall, border guards overwhlmd, let them through
celebrt eat and west and start tearing down wall -
todor zhivkok was repalced his regime riddled with cronyism benefits to friends and fam, salry 500% higher, better educ, bulgarinisation- expelled 200k turks-international condemnation.
july 1989 pm mladenov told gorb want change drct bulg,gorb agree, zhivkok outsted, bulg comm party try to reform bulg socils prty,
1992 coalitn gov won majority but outsted in 1996 due to econ crisis- failed to distance itself from legacy of comm -
1989- comms had control till very end- no need to rebel econ was doing well
vadav havel-ldr of small opposition was imprisnd in 1970s spk out against gov
him and colleagues signatories of charter 77(denouncing gov for not following human rights accords at helsinki), gained support in 1989
ppl saw west trhive- felt they were very ebhind wanted the fashion and the culture -
was the transition of power , peaceful from 17 novm 1989 to 29 december 1989
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made by the civic forum under vaclav havel, stated their goals= social justice, clean environment, educated people, a return to europe and prosperity.
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opposed the government , made alot of large demonstrations, the gov did not arrest thought that they could safeguard their power through reforms
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ussr move twrd market econ- from centralsd econ
some agrmnts made about east eu
gorb assure he will not interve politically
no real agrmnt over ger, bush said to leave it to gers
usa gree not to interven in baltic states
no real agrmnts but paved way for CFE treaty signed in paris 1990 -
was war between sandistas(commies) and contras- backed by USA, sandista pwr 1979- but usa sanctions and funding for contras, trained by cia in hondur and given weapons
shift policy- usa less sprt- need to make agrm end civil war- 11 yrs ppl tired
violet chamorro- us sprt- choses presdnt- got rid of contras- sandistas have no one to be against end civil war
us $300 mill in aid
aid stpd in 1992- econ wreckd, decades to recover -
started reforms or restructuring , made cuba less depend on sugar, diversified econ and trade lotsx of trade with china but also canada and eu, promoted tourism which was very infl for their econ, new trade agrmnts gave them hard currency.
withdrew support for armies and countries in africa esp in medical and tech experts -
war with somalia over ogaden territory, somalia backed by USA, ethiop by ussr, cuba, sent militry aid- 300 militry personnel from cuba
MENGISTU- ldr establ comm dictrshp
but ethiop continue probs droughts, indp battles from eritrea- want indp, 2x battle cause destabalist to region
ussr frgn policy change 19891 no more sprt esp for comm block, rebels come in to capital mengistu has to flee, went to zimbabwe
ethiopian ppls revolut democr front, had marxist roots, but align with usa -
sovs last attempt to gain control, sovs sent troops to capital vilnus try gain control, killed 12
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this removed the foundation of the ussr's government, the officials now needed to have the backing of more than 50% of the electorate and by march 1990, many of the old officials did not, gorb was elected the first executive president of the USSR
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the solidarity memebers led a coalition gov from 18 aug 1989 with only 4 commies, however not clear that a huge shift, solidarity choose to stay in warsaw pact.
fall of comm czcskl and gdr- pol remove comm from pol and gov, nov 1990 jaruleski prsd resign and lech walesa new led, of social democrat party -
in nicaragua- agreed to elections for 25 february 1990 as they were alread in control of the treasury and government- the contras refused to disarm and so sandistas recognised stablility would come from conforming to US aims- the us pushed 15 sandista factions to support one candidate- violeta chamorro- pro- american- she received 1mill from usa and support from venezuela
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was where the powers agreed to the unification of germany, kohl -chancellor initially wary wanted a feder or pltc union but the ademancy of the east brl led to unif being only option.grbch didn't want to see liquidation of gdr but evently complied said gers should decide own future. Kohl conv west saying ger stay in nato - 2+4 talks signed in moscow 12 sept 1990
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helmut kohl west ger chancell, want unitd ger in NATO- grb fear NATO expans but econ so bad, accept anything for econ benefits.
gorb made this decision alone, did not consult his politburo -
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) was signed on November 19, 1990, at the Paris Summit by 22 countries from NATO and the Warsaw Pact. It was a key Cold War arms control agreement aimed at reducing conventional military forces in Europe and preventing large-scale war.
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the commonwealth of indep endent states- created by leaders of russia, ukraine, belarus who met in minsk
dec 1991 -
gorbch tried to give more gov represent to republics within ussr- hard liners saw this as the final step in disintegr of ussr
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from 19 aug to 21 1991, follwoing gorb try implmn union treaty- hardliners try salvage traditional ussr
gorb arrested at home in crimea, publ told he was ill, new committee formd, yeltsin suport of army and ppl rallyinng in streets , coup failed by 21 aug 1991
yeltsin new poerful figure emerged
made presdnt- comm part was banned -
after the failed coup- communist hardliners took control- failed boris yeltsin support of ppl, hwvr gorb position never same
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shows rise of antionalism, independence for czechia and slovakia
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in 1991 and 1992 , by 1992 the anti communist democratic party held the majority of seats
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1984 elections, extrmly left leaning party- jose napoleon duarte, usa aid $6mill
rise in FMLN- guerilla group fight against right wing US gov, usa try limit nb of troops
fmnl backed by cuba, ussr and sandistas
usa gov bush and reagan fund gov, give weapons and training
1987 amnesty law pardon those falsely accused go to prison.- hwvr also pardon death squads- pissed ppl off- fmln startd again
war could not be won, made fmln a poltcl party
peace accord sign 1992 -
made an alliance with the free democrats and in 1996 a poll judged them the most popular party in hungary.