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-Forms of cultural expression are expression of ideas. They can be influenced by spirituality, social relationships, respect for nature and communications and exchange.
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-Shamanism- The shaman was a priest and medicine man.
-Most occupants were illeterate, therefore to learn or share thier culture, they would orally tell myths and legends.
-Dreamcatchers were used to scare away all the evil spirits, like used today. -
-Children were taught at a young age to respect their elders and look up to them as role models.
-Traditions were passed on from generation to generation.
-Freedom of actions-Meaning that there were no written laws, nobody owned their own property.
-This was all based on different concepts, such as culture, identity, education and society. -
-The first occupants followed the religion Animism. Meaning they respected nature. All living things had souls.
-They believed in the circle of life.
-The Natives were great with environment and respected their land.
-The main concepts during this time were religion, culture and their identity. -
-Cultural facts were passed on orally, due to the Canadian culture was rampant with illeteracy.
-The habitants would pass on their culture during social gatherings and celebrations, ususally during the winter months because there would be no work being done on the fields.
-Due to Nafta free trade, it was hard to limit the culuture coming in, or being shared. -
-Shamanism: Priest/Medicine man
-Animism: Natives religion, where they are respectful to nature and believe that everything living thing has a soul. -
-The Divine Rights of the king had an influence on ideas and culture under the French Regime.
-The King had total power. He was able to do whatever he wanted, whenever he wanted to. This however, had an impact on the culture in New France.
-If you were to dissobey the king, you would be excommunicated.This means that the church shuns you. No one does trading with you, because you didn't do what the church said, therefore you will be abandonned. -
-The king was gaining control in Europe, however his colony of New France was suffering. The economy was not developping, the population did not increase and they were constantly getting attacked by the Iroquois.
-Louis therefore makes instant changes:
He hires soldiers, makes changes in the economy and puts Jean Talon incharge to increase the population.
-The King as well ended the monopoly and placed New France under the minister of Marine (Louis contact to new france), Mr.Colbert. -
-Gallicanism: The king has a higher power than the pope.
-Catholicism: The influence of Catholicism on culture. Very Powerful. Habitants did what the church wanted or they were excommunicated. -
-Both men decided to implement the Royal Government in 1663, which replaced mercantilism (fish, fur, timber) in new France.
-Therefore, the Kings oversees cultural events and had control over the Church. -
-The religion followed in New France was catholicism.
-Meaning that the influence on catholic culture was very powerful. Habitants had to follow all the churches rules, otherwise they were excommunicated. The catholics (missionaries) as well bullied the natives to convert to catholicism.
-In New France, the church did the following:
Priests working as missionaries, Nuns working in hospitals and schools, only brightest boys were trained in a seminary and charities were created. -
-Habitants had happy lives but worked a lot (Caring for crops, making clothes, fixing tools, preparing for winter).
-Since New France was not really developing, settlers took care of themselves. This was unlike France, where you had the very rich and massive numbers of poor/starving people.
-In 1760, people believed that the Canadiens (13 colonies) were becoming Americans.
-The distinct people remained in New france after british conquest, due to the long distance to France.. -
-After the Conquest, british took control of the colony and imposed their own laws. Such as, language, culture and political institutions.
-The Loyalists, merchants and British immigrants respected these laws. However, the Canadiens deeply believed in their own French and Catholic traditions, therefore refused to follow the British values. -
-Liberalism: Political or social philosophy allowing the freedom of an individual.
-Parliamentarism: The system of parliamentary government
-Ultramontanism: Policy that favors increasing the power and authority of the pope (church).
-Anticlericalism: Opposed to the influence and activities of the church in secular or public affairs.
-Imperialism: Policy of extending the rule of an empire or nation over foreign countries or of aquiring and holding countries. -
-Equal rights, freedom of speech and popular representation in colonial government all had influences on the colony.
-British government granted it's North American colonies legislative assemblies in 1791.
-Between 1792 and 1830, French Canadien public opinion came increasingly under the influence of liberal and nationalist ideas of the Patriotes, who were opposed to the British authorities. -
-In 1826, Louis Joseph Papineau was the leader of the Parti patriote.
-A few years later, the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada sent the British government their 92 resolutions, demanding to be given a responsible government, in1834.
-Three years later, the Patriotes held frequent meetings discussing this situation.
-In 1848, the United Kingdom granted ministerial responsibility (responsible government) to it's Northern American colonies. -
-In 1840, memebers of the Catholic clergy wanted to re-establish the church's control to be in charge of every aspect of social and political life in the colony.
-The ultramones interfered with liberal ideas, which they saw as a threat to the church. The french catholic habitants believed in traditional values and shutdown modern liberal thinking.
-The young anticlerical liberal thinkers were criticized by the church and therefore they were excommunicated. -
-Between 1867 and 1920, a group of English imperialists groups enjoyed the influence within the federal government. They found a unilingual English speaking and Protestant Canada with close ties to the British Empire.
-During this time in Quebec, there were many forms of nationalism that arrose in opposition to Eng. cnd imperialism. -
-The Fr.Cnd Nationalism of Honoré Mercier emphasized provincial autonomy and Quebecs responsability to protect Fr.Cnd's minorities.
-Wilfred Laurier's canadian nationalism was to create a new national indentity that would unite the French and English and help them live together.
-Henri Bourassa's nationalism was both Canadian and French canadian and was based on the protection of the traditional Fr.Cnd values.
-Nationalism of Lionel Giroux was focused on protecting the french language. -
-Capitalism: Economic system in which investment and ownership of the means of production are involved. As well, the exchange of wealth.
-Socialism: A theory or system of social organization that allows the distribution and production of the capital in a whole community.
-Agriculturism: Push to support farmers and farming.
-Nationalismes: Is a devotion to one's own nation and its interests over those of all other nations.
-Fr.Cdn nationalism: Did not want to support Britain. -
-Americanism: Emergence of American cultural trends (dance, music, television, radio..)
-Neoliberalism: New wave of liberalism. Advocating the removal of the state in various spheres of society.
-Secularism: The separation of the government and church.
-Aboriginalism: Claims for ancestral rights and recognition of aboriginal identity through tradition culture (writings, language, music, éducation, etc). -
-Eng Cnd nationalism: Liked the English way and wanted to support Britain but wanted Canada to operate independently.
-Laicism: Secular control of political and social insitutions in society.
-Cooperatism: Co-ops wants equality for everyone. (includes business, banking and finance).
-Fascism: Idea that a dictator (single person) should control the entire country.
-Feminism: To establish equal political, economic, cultural, personal, and social rights for women. WW1 open things up for woman. -
-Many French Canadiens formed extremists groups, because they were inspired by the ideologies of Hitler and Mussolini.
-They founded a fascist political party. -
-During the 1960 till the 1980's, the government went through its changes of education, health and social services sectors.
-As well certain laws were passed for legal rights of woman and workers. -
-Bill 101 was adopted in 1977.
-This is when French Education has become mandory for all children who live in Quebec, unless at least one of their parents were educated in English at a Canadian elementary school. Children of immigrants would have to follow a French Education.
