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The Brown v. Board of Education had five cases into one. It was the Supreme Court making a decision to end racial segregation in public schools. However, even after this decision many schools stayed segregated. This was an important event because it helped launch the civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks was sitting on a bus in Montgomery, Ala and she refused give her seat up because a white male wanted to sit in her seat. After this, Martin Luther King Jr. held a citywide boycott against racial segregation on public transportation. African Americans stopped using the public transportation systems and they would just walk to where ever they need to go. This was important because it was one of the first big movements that had a change during the civil rights movement. -
Rosa Parks was often referred to as "the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement." Rosa Parks put racial injustice to light when she refused to give her bus seat up to a white male in. She was then arrested resulting in conviction for violating segregation laws. This started the Bus Boycott.
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The Albany Movement protested the segregation policies. King's goal was to give counsel instead of participating, he was then jailed after during a demonstration. He was given a sentence for 45 days or a fine so he chose the jail time. He was released three days later and the movement disbanded after almost a year of protesting. This was an important event because it was the first mass movement in the modern civil rights era to have as its goal the desegregation of an entire community, -
The Freedom Riders were black and white activist who took bus trips through the South to protest segregated bus terminals and they would try and use white only restrooms and lunch counters. They were marked by violence from white protestors and they drew international attention to their cause. The Freedom Riders were important because they placed a great deal of pressure on the federal government to actually do something, and they helped to inspire African Americans in the South. -
The Birmingham Campaign had a goal to end discriminatory economic policies in the Alabama city against African Americans. The campaign had people boycott certain businesses that hired only white people or had white only bathrooms. The protester's were nonviolent and they would march and do sit-ins which they were expecting to get arrested so the city jail would get crowded. Timeline coninued..... https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JcWRLSeB6bDSmygNJNZME39ryS2y9enOgBpb6TWoqmI/edit -
The March on Washington was for jobs and freedom. Martin Luther King had a closing speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial called "I Have a Dream." This speech said, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.’” This event was very important because the purpose was to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. -
Whitney Young Jr. was responsible for overseeing the integration of corporate workplaces. Throughout his 10 years he took up the cause of equal opportunities for black in industry and government service. National Urban League also cosponsored the 1963 March on Washington. On the political front, the World War II veteran acted as an adviser on racial matters to President Lyndon B. Johnson and his Domestic Marshall Plan is said to have heavily influenced 1960s federal poverty programs.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to prevent employment discrimination for race, color, sex, religion, or national origin. This act was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson and the Title VII of the Act established the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to help stop workplace discrimination. This was an important Act because it would prevent employment discrimination. -
John Lewis served as a Georgia congressman since 1986. He learned about nonviolent protest while studying at Nashville's American Baptist Seminary. The Alabama native was beaten and arrested while participating in the Freedom Rides. After speaking at the March on Washington, he led a march from Selma to Montgomery. During what became known as Bloody Sunday, state police attacked the marchers and Lewis got a fractured skull.
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The Bloody Sunday was a march for the violent beatings state troopers inflicted on protester's as they attempted to march peacefully from Selma, Ala, to the state capital, Montgomery. The march was going for fighting the lack of voting rights for African Americans. Police violence against the protesters brought the march to an end. Continued...
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JcWRLSeB6bDSmygNJNZME39ryS2y9enOgBpb6TWoqmI/edit -
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Martin Luther King, Jr. was assassinated on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee. In 1969, James Earl Ray was found guilty of the murder. King was standing on the second floor balcony of his hotel, where he was staying, when he was shot in the neck with a sniper. He was rushed to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead about an hour later. Continued...
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JcWRLSeB6bDSmygNJNZME39ryS2y9enOgBpb6TWoqmI/edit -
President Johnson signed the Fair Housing Act, or the Civil Rights Act of 1969. This was very important because it gave equal housing opportunities no matter what race, religion, or national origin. -
Young died on March 11, 1971 at the age of 49 while attending a conference in Lagos, Nigeria. He is believed to have drowned while swimming at a beach. There was some initial conflict about the cause of death, with the Nigerian coroner's office stating Young had suffered a brain hemorrhage.
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Rosa Parks continued to face harassment and threats. Rosa Parks, her husband, and mom decided to move to Detroit, where her brother resided. She became an administrative aide in the Detroit office of Congressman John Conyers Jr. in 1965, which was a post she held until her 1988 retirement. Her husband, brother and mother all died of cancer between 1977 and 1979 and in 1987.
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During the first Bush administration, Lewis voted against war in Iraq. In 1996, Lewis joined 100 other members of the House of Representatives to vote against President Clinton’s welfare reform measures. Lewis also voted against war for the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Even when voting in the majority he still faced opposition. When speaking to reporters afterward, Lewis was unmoved from his support of the legislation.
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Unemployment rate (%)
Black 6.7% 7.5% 0.8 ppt.
White 3.2% 3.8% 0.6 ppt.
Gap (ratio black to white) 2.1 2.0
Median hourly wage (2016$)
Black $12.16 $15.87 30.5%
White $17.06 $19.23 12.7%
Gap (black as % of white) 71.3% 82.5%
Median household income (2016$)
Black $28,066 $40,065 42.8%
White $47,596 $65,041 36.7%
Gap (black as % of white) 59.0% 61.6%
Poverty rate (%)
Black 34.7% 21.8% -12.9 ppt.
White 10.0% 8.8% -1.2 ppt.
Gap (ratio black to white) 3.5 2.5 -
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Black 64.0 yrs. 75.5 yrs. 11.5 yrs.
White 71.5 yrs. 79.0 yrs. 7.5 yrs.
Gap (black as % of white) 89.5% 95.6%
Incarcerated population (per 100,000)
Black 604 1,730 286.3%
White 111 270 242.7%
Gap (ratio black to white) 5.4 6.4 -
The hourly wage of the typical black worker increased about 30.5 percent between 1968 and 2016. That would be 0.6 per year. The annual income of the typical African American household increased 42.8 percent between 1968 and 2016.The share of African Americans living in poverty has decreased in the last five decades. Over one third of African Americans were in poverty in 1968, but today the share in poverty is just over one in five.
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The decrease in poverty was a really good change for African Americans. They now have more money leading them to have a better life. They can buy food and get a home which will make their overall living better.
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The wage of African Americans has increased a lot. This allows them to be able to buy a house, get a good job, and be able to support a family. Overall, this leads to a better life for African Americans and an increase in hourly wage is really important.
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Median household wealth (2016$)
Black $2,467 $17,409 605.7%
White $47,655 $171,000 258.8%
Gap (black as % of white) 5.2% 10.2%
Homeownership rate (%)
Black 41.1% 41.2% 0.1 ppt.
White 65.9% 71.1% 5.2 ppt.
Gap (black as % of white) 62.4% 57.9%
Infant mortality (per 1,000 births)
Black 34.9 11.4 -67.4%
White 18.8 4.9 -74.0%
Gap (ratio black to white) 1.9 2.3 -
The share of African Americans living in poverty has declined a lot in the last five decades. Over 34.7 percent of African Americans were in poverty in 1968. Today, the share in poverty is just over one in five 21.4 percent. For whites, the decline in the poverty rate was much smaller, from 10.0 percent in 1968 to 8.8 percent in 2016. In the most recent data, African Americans are about 2.5 times as likely to be in poverty as whites.
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The share of black households that owned their own home remained virtually unchanged between 1968 (41.1 percent) and today (41.2 percent). Over the same period, homeownership for white households increased 5.2 percentage points to 71.1 percent, about 30 percentage points higher than the ownership rate for black households
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The share of African Americans in prison or jail almost tripled between 1968 and 2016. The share of whites in prison or jail has also increased dramatically, but from a much lower base. In 1968, about 111 of every 100,000 whites were incarcerated. Continued... https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JcWRLSeB6bDSmygNJNZME39ryS2y9enOgBpb6TWoqmI/edit
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The typical black family had almost no wealth in 1968.Today, that figure is about six times larger, but it is still not that far from zero when you consider that families typically draw on their wealth for larger expenses, such as meeting basic needs over the course of retirement, paying for their children’s college education, putting a down payment on a house,or coping with a job loss or medical crisis.Continuedhttps://docs.google.com/document/d/1JcWRLSeB6bDSmygNJNZME39ryS2y9enOgBpb6TWoqmI/edit -
The unemployment rate for African Americans in 2017 was 7.5 percent, 0.8 percentage points higher than it was in 1968.The unemployment rate for whites was 3.8 percent in 2017 and 3.2 percent in 1968.3 The unemployment data for these two years, almost 50 years apart, demonstrate a longstanding and unfortunate economic regularity: the unemployment rate for black workers is consistently about twice as high as it is for white workers. -
c. 1968 c. 2018 (most recent available data) Change
High school graduate rate, adults ages 25–29 (%)
Black 54.4% 92.3% 37.9 ppt.
White 75.0% 95.6% 20.6 ppt.
Gap (black as % of white) 72.6% 96.5%
College graduate rate, adults ages 25–29 (%)
Black 9.1% 22.8% 13.7 ppt.
White 16.2% 42.1% 25.9 ppt.
Gap (black as % of white) 56.0% 54.2% -
Over the last five decades African Americans have had improvements in infant mortality rates. The number of deaths per 1,000 live births has fallen from 34.9 in 1968 to 11.4 in the most recent data. Whites have also had a reduction in infant mortality. Their rates fell from 18.8 to 4.9 in the same measure.
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Since African Americans health has improved this shows that a lot has gotten better. It shows that other things like their income has gotten better and they are able to take care of themselves. They have a more healthy lifestyle and are able to live longer because of this.
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Increased Education is really important. This allows them to be able to go to a good college and be more educated. They can get a good job, since they were able to go to a good college. Having a college degree is really good because of all the benefits they now can get.
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Bond-Nelms, Cheryl. “Key Events during the Civil Rights Movement.” AARP, www.aarp.org/politics-society/history/info-2018/civil-rights-events-fd.html#:~:text=Events%20that%20initiated%20social%20change%20during%20the%20civil. Accessed 6 Apr. 2021. History.com Editors. “Rosa Parks.” HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 29 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks.
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“John Lewis: Profile of a Civil Rights Legend.” Www.americanbar.org, www.americanbar.org/groups/communications_law/publications/communications_lawyer/fall2020/john-lewis-profile-a-civil-rights-legend/. Accessed 6 Apr. 2021.
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In 1961-1962 there was only 4 African Americans in the U.S. congress, and in 2019-2020 there were 55. The first elected Congress of the 1960s had just four African-American members - but by the end of the 1960s, there were 11. This number has continued to grow and has more than doubled since the start of the 1990s.
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More than 90 percent of younger African Americans have graduated from high school compared with just over half in 1968. This means that they almost have closed the gap with white high school grad rates. They are also more than twice as likely to have a college degree as in 1968 but are still half as likely as young whites to have a college degree.
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“50 Years after the Kerner Commission: African Americans Are Better off in Many Ways but Are Still Disadvantaged by Racial Inequality.” Economic Policy Institute, 2018, www.epi.org/publication/50-years-after-the-kerner-commission/. History.com Editors. “Civil Rights Movement Timeline.” History, A&E Television Networks, 21 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/civil-rights-movement-timeline.