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Period: to
Civil Rights Movement
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End of White Primary in Georgia (1)
The White Primary was a way for whites to keep blacks from voting after the Civil War; many southern states used this system. The US Constitution gave blacks the right to vote in general elections, but it didn’t specifically say anything about primary elections, an election where the people voting chose the candidates for election. Because nothing was stated in the Constitution, blacks were not allowed to vote in primary elections. The blacks didn’t have much say in the government in Georgia bec -
End of White Primary in Georgia (2)
in Georgia because of the White Primary. Georgia is a one-party state, so the primary elections were most important.
The black citizens in Georgia gained the right to vote in 1946 when the US Supreme Court decided that the White Primary system was unconstitutional. This was ruled during the King v. Chapman case. The first time black citizens had the right to vote in a primary election was the 1946 primary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election
http://tw0.us/Z8 (picture) -
Integration of Armed Forces (1)
http://tw0.us/ZI (picture)
On July 26, 1948, President Truman signed an order to desegregate the Armed forces, and he wanted the army to desegregate quickly. Although this was ordered in 1984, it took many years and another war to completely integrate the Armed forces. The main reason for complete desegregation during the Korean War was because of the low income of white enlistments and the high income of black enlistments.
Truman wanted the Armed forces to desegregate because of the populat -
Integration of Armed Forces (2)
population of blacks in our country. At the time, the population of African Americans was about 10% of our total population.
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/integrating.cfm
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=84 -
Brown vs. Board of Education (1)
This case started when Linda Brown, an African-American third grader, was denied in enrollment in a white school seven blocks away from her home; the nearest black school would require her to cross a railroad switchyard and walk at least a mile. Oliver Brown went to court on this issue. Many members of the NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, went with Brown for assistance. They also wanted to see the problem of segregation in public schools to be removed.
The deci -
Brown vs. Board of Education (2)
picture
decision that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional was made during the Brown vs. Board of Education case. This case also overturned the case of 1896, which was Plessy v. Ferguson; this was the case that stated “separate but equal facilities" to be constitutional. -
Brown vs. Board of Education (3)
“separate but equal facilities" to be constitutional. -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott started when Rosa Parks, and African-American seamstress, refused to give up her seat on the bus for a white passenger; she was arrested for doing so. Martin Luther King, Jr. started a bus boycott. On December 5, 1955, four days after Rosa was arrested, he and the other African-American citizens in Montgomery refused to use the buses; many got rides from other people or even walked. The white community began to fight back with terrorism and harassment. The drivers were -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (2)
picture http://tw0.us/Uj
harassment. The drivers were arrested for picking up African-American hitchhikers, and the African-Americans standing on the street corners, waiting for a ride were arrested for loitering.
It took the Supreme Court to end the boycott after over a year. This boycott resulted in the Supreme Court voted that keeping buses segregated was unconstitutional. On December 20, 1956, the bus companies in Montgomery were forced to follow this rul -
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (3)
were forced to follow this ruling. -
Chang to 1956 State Flag (2)
in 2001, and later, it had been changed to our current flag in 2004. -
Change to the 1956 State Flag (1)
picture and informationIn 1955, John Sammons Bell, Jefferson Lee Davis, and Willis Harden introduced a bill to change the state flag; it was made to add to the old Confederate flag. This new flag caused controversy because many seemed to think it symbolized Georgia’s resistance to civil right movements.
During the 1998 Governor’s race, this flag had become an issue, and the governor who actually won had a campaign promise to change the state flag. The flag was again changed in 2001, and later, it had been changed to -
Hebrew Congregation in ATL bombed
http://tw0.us/Vt (picture)
https://forsyth.angellearning.com/section/content/default.asp?WCI=pgDisplay&WCU=
On October 12, 1956, fifty stick of dynamite explode in the entrance of Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, Atlanta’s oldest synagogue.
During the 1950s, Atlanta was a business-friendly town. The members of the political and business establishments tried to keep the city’s reputation intact. After the bombing, they were afraid this would affect the good reputation the city seemed to have. -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine” (1957)
a crowd protesting the integration of public schools
. -
Crisis at Central High School and the “Little Rock Nine”
pictureThe “Little Rock Nine”, Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth Eckford, Melba Pattillo, Jefferson Thomas, Ernest Green, Minniejean Brown, Carlotta Walls, Terrence Roberts and Gloria Ray, were a group of African-Americans; they were students at Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The event of them coming to Central High School was caused by the Brown v. Board of Education case.
On September 23, 1957, as they entered the school for the first time, the group of African-Americans had to stand up to a c -
Sibley Commission (2)
decided by the Commission that schools should chose whether they wanted to integrate or not. There were many private schools established in this time to avoid integration for white students. -
Sibley Commission (1)
picture and informationBy 1955, most Georgia public schools had refused to integrate; Georgia’s General Assembly voted to stop funding the public schools that had integrated. Because of these issues, John Sibley created the Sibley Commission. This was mainly established to look at the issue of segregation in public schools.
They interviewed many Georgians, and realized that most are completely against integration in the public schools; they’d rather close the schools than stop the segregation of them. It was decided -
Integration of UGA (1)
http://www.libs.uga.edu/hargrett/archives/integration/integration1.html (picture)
Even thou Governor Vandiver was elected as governor with one of his campaign promises being to keep Georgia schools segregated, he allowed two black students, Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes, to attend UGA. The UGA Alumni and Georgia politicians decided they’d rather close UGA than allow these black students to attend, but the governor refused to stop the desegregation. On January 9, 1961, they arrived at UG -
Integration of UGA (2)
UGA with a police escort and met a crowd of protesters.
Both of the students were very successful after their time at UGA. Governor Vandiver avoided a lot of conflict that could have been caused if he had decided not to listen to the national government’s decision to desegregate schools.
https://forsyth.angellearning.com/section/content/default.asp?WCI=pgDisplay&WCU=CRSCNT&ENTRY_ID=D49E7663948749BB854C8656A0C9B07C -
Freedom Rides (1)
http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom%20rides.htm (picture and information)
CORE decided to take on a new tactic in 1961; this was to end segregation in public transportation throughout the South. This was known a Freedom Rides. On May 4, 1961, the first Freedom Ride took place on two public buses in Washington, D.C. The seven blacks and six whites planned on getting off the bus in Deep South. During the first few days, the riders undergo minor punishments, but the slowly got worse, and by -
Freedom Rides (2)
the second week, the riders were beaten. In Anniston, AL one of their buses was burned, and in Birmingham, many whites attacked the riders.
The CORE leaders reinforced the remaining riders with volunteers because they believed if they didn’t continue the trip, it would send the opposite message. To their arrival in Montgomery, they were attacked by over 1000 whites. Pressure was put on Kennedy to end the violence when the local police wanted support for the riders. As the riders continued, they -
Freedom Rides (3)
local police wanted support for the riders. As the riders continued, they got more jail terms and abuse, but they also got more publicity, so their protest began to spread to train stations and airports. In November, the Interstate Commerce Commission created rules to prohibit the segregation of public transportation. -
Albany Movement
picture
During November 1961, people in the NAACP, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the SNCC tested the Supreme Court ruling of 1955; this decision made segregation in bus and train stations illegal. They tested this decision by sitting in the “whites only” section of the bus station in Albany, Georgia. These people were imidiately arrested, and this started the -
Albany Movement
Albany Movement. William Anderson led this movement.
In December of 1961, Freedom Riders decided to sit in the “white only” section, and they were also arrested. The protest on the buses in Albany went on for a few months, and many blacks were jailed. This movement caused a biracial committee to form, so they could study the concerns of African-Americans that lived in Albany. -
Birmingham, AL protests (1)
http://tw0.us/ZJ (picture)
In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., the SCLC, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and ACMHR, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights joined up in a campaign. Its goal was to attack the segregation system in Birmingham. This event was supposed to take place in March, but it was postponed till April when Albert Boutwell beat Birmingham’s segregationist commissioner of public safety, Eugene Connor, in a mayor election. On April 3, the campaign started, and the gro -
Birmingham, AL protests (2)
the groups used sit-ins, direct actions, meetings, boycotts, and a march to City Hall; King even gave speeches for non-violent protest. Many people joined them, and hundreds were arrested. On April 10, the city government ordered a court injunction on the protests, but the leaders of the campaign didn’t listen to the court order. On April 12, King was arrested after violating the anti-protest injunction, but he was released by April 20.
Over 1,000 African-American students tried to march int -
Birmingham, AL protests (3)
http://tw0.us/VO
by April 20.
Over 1,000 African-American students tried to march into Birmingham, but hundreds were arrested. When hundreds tried again the next day, Commissioner Connor told the police and fire departments to use force in order to stop the protests; this resulted in people being clubbed to death by police, hosed down by high pressure hoses, and attacked by police dogs over the next few days. -
March on Washington, D.C. (1)
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/marchonwashington.html (picture and information)
On August 28, 1963, over 300,000 people marched to Washington, D.C. for jobs and freedom; about 80% of them were African-American, but a group of civil rights organizations established the march. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous speech, “I Have a Dream”, during this march; this speech is one of the most known speeches in American history and was in the purpose of showing the need for “racial harmony.” The Marc -
March on Washington, D.C.
March on Washington, D.C. resulted in helping to establish Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed (1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing (picture and information)
On Sunday, September 15, 1963, 16th Street Baptist Church, an African-American church, was bombed. The explosion had killed four girls, Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, Carole Robertson and Denise McNair, and also left twenty-two people injured. The church was a target because it had been a rallying point for civil rights activities, and it was a place where many civil rights leaders had their meetings. -
16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham bombed (2)
This bombing left the church with the stain-glass window and stairs destroyed. -
John F. Kennedy assassinated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy (picture and information)
On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated in Texas. He was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while traveling with his wife, the Texas governor, and the Texas governor’s wife in his presidential motorcade. -
Civil RIghts Act 1964 passed (2)
Employment Commission, but federal funding couldn’t be provided to segregated schools. Most importantly, it tried to cover every part of the laws made, so there wouldn’t be a way for lawyers to find loop holes in the act. -
Civil Rights Act 1964 passed (1)
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_civil_rights_act_of_1964/ (picture)
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/1964_civil_rights_act.htm
The Civil Rights act of 1964 was passed on July 2, 1964 when President Johnson signed the bill. This act outlawed many acts of discrimination against blacks and women. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave the federal government the ability to end segregation and allowed public places to remain segregated. This act formed an Equal E -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (1)
http://core-online.org/History/voting_rights.htm (picture and information)
In the many years after Reconstruction, African-Americans found it extremely difficult to vote; there always seemed to be an obstacle in the way. Even though the Fifteenth and Nineteenth amendments, the two that gave voting rights to women and African-Americans, of the U.S. Constitution were in place, southern voting registrations always found way to keep African-Americans from there right, such as poll taxes and literacy -
Voting Rights Act of 1965 (2)
literacy tests. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights bill on August 6, 1965. This act empowered the federal government to stop using voter registration in counties that used literacy tests and other methods that kept blacks from voting. -
Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
A four day riot occurred in 1966; it occurred in Summerhill, a neighborhood in Atlanta. This riot was caused when a black man was shot by a police officer. This riot included several thousands of people.
http://www.summerhillatl.org/summerhill-history/
https://forsyth.angellearning.com/section/content/default.asp?WCI=pgDisplay&WCU=CRSCNT&ENTRY_ID=45410FBEDC974071A31A36365D847171 -
MLK assassinated (1)
http://www.jofreeman.com/photos/Kingfuneral2.html (picture and information) http://tw0.us/VO
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, while trying to rally the black workers in the city who were on strike for wage and benefit issues. James Earl Ray, who was charged with the crime of assassinating King, was arrested on June 8, 1968.
The city of Atlanta had a bigger reaction to King’s death mainly because his funeral was held in Atlanta. There were two services held for Mar -
MLK assassinated (2)
two services held for Martin Luther King Jr. on April 9. Ebenezer Baptist Church, the church where both King and his father had served as pastors for many years, was were both funerals were held. -
All Georgia Schools Integrated (1)
After the Sumpreme Court ruled segregation of public schools to be unconstitutional in the Brown vs. Board of Education case, Georgia schools slowly started to integrate schools, but school systems didn't want to integrate. The schools tried to avoid integration as much as possible.
In 1970, there was a court order on this issue, so the schools could be forced to integrate. By 1971, all georgia schools had been desegregated in a mostly peaceful way; we handled the desegregation much better than -
All Georgia schools Integrated
the other Southern states.
http://goo.gl/X5foD
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