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Sharecropping/ Tenant Farming
Southern plantation owners needed to find work on the lands slaves once farmed. Planters divided their land and made mutual agreements with farmers to work their part of land.Sharecropping: farmers were provided land & house, & were given what they needed to work & grow the land. In turn they worked the land & gave the entire crop to the owner. Tenant farming: the tenants chose what to grow & sell & provided it themselves, and to pay rent they gave a share of their crop or payed the owner. -
13th Ammendment
The 13th Amendment abolished all slavery int he Untied States. It stated that neither slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, could exist in the United States. It was passed at the end of the Civil War, and a constitutional solution to slavery was finally solved. -
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Black Codes
After the Union won the war, 4 million freed slaves now had to fight the cruelty of the South, and the Black Codes were made to keep them in forced labor, such as signing yearly labor contracts. The north (The Union) was outraged and eventually won congress and was able to end the black codes. -
14th Ammendment
The 14th Amendment was created to protect the rights of freed slaves. It guaranteed that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens, that representation in congress must be determined by the whole population, former Confederates could not hold office, addressed the federal debt from the Cold War, and confirms that Congress does have the right to pass the amendment through legislation. -
15th Ammendment
The 15th Amendment grants the right for all black men to vote. It stated that, race, color, or previous condition of servitude should not be accounted for in order to vote. This amendment, along with the voting right act of 1956, overcame legal barriers that denied blacks their right to vote. -
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Lynching
Lynching became a popular way the whites let their anger out on the freed blacks. It also became a way of showing what happens to whites who joined with the blacks. Most lynchings took place in the south, as blame became more and more aimed on the blacks. -
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Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws enforced racial segregation of all public facilities in the South. "Whites" and "Colored" signs divided all the people, in baths, parks, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains, trains, busses, movie theaters, and many other aspects of life. They were made to make the colored races feel like they were not welcome and apart of the daily life of a U.S. Citizen. -
Plessy vs. Ferguson
The Plessy vs. Ferguson Supreme Court Case testified that it was unconstitutional and unequal to segregate public places. An African American man, Homer Plessy, refused to sit down in a Jim Crow car, which was against the Louisiana Law. He was brought before Judge John Ferguson, who upheld the state law, to testify that public segregation was unequal and unconstitutional. A 7-1 vote implied that the state law "implies merely a legal distinction" between blacks and whites, and was not unlawful. -
CORE
The Congress of Racial Equality was founded in 1942 and was a leading organization in the Civil Rights movement. The Freedom Rides and Freedom Summer were several things organized the CORE. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was a U.S. Supreme Court justice and civil rights advocate. He was the legal council for the National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and destroyed Jim Crow's segregation laws. He also was an associate justice of the Supreme Court, and was the nations first black justice. In 1945 he won the Brown Vs. Board case which ended segregation in schools. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector Garcia founded the American GI Forum, which organized veterans to fight for educational and medical benefits, and also to fight against poll taxes and segregation. He served in the army during WWII. He was the first Mexican to receive the Presidential Medal of Honor in 1984 by President Regan. -
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Non- Violent Protests
Protesting without using violence was a huge key to winning the Civil Rights movement. With all the killings and bombings, evil was pushing to prevail, and adding violence to that would just fuel the fire, so instead, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr decided that non- violence was the way that American was going to see what was really going on and who were really the victims. -
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Desegregation
Through bus boycotts, to school integration, desegregation slowly became accepted by most Americans. Desegregation was most effective when Harry Truman integrated the armed forces after WWII. In 1957, the first school was integrated in Little Rock. A decade later in 1964 President Lyndon Johnson signed the civil rights act of 1964 which completely outlawed racial segregation. -
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Civil Disobedience
Civil Disobedience was how the protests in the Civil Rights were. They were non-violent, but they were resisting the laws that were set at the time. -
Brown Vs. Board of Education
The "separate but equal" decision from the Plessy vs. Ferguson case was not working out. Many black public facilities, including black schools, were greatly neglected and were not "equal". Brown brought segregation before the court, and the court decided that federal courts were required to supervise school segregation, "on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed." Segregation in schools was not legal, and helped create a spark of the Civil Rights movement. -
Emmet Till
Emmet Till was a 14 year old African American boy who was brutally murdered for flirting with a white woman. Till was from Chicago, a place where races were more intermingled. Till & his mother took a trip South to visit family, and horrible discovered how everything was different. Tills mother, Miamie Bradley, had an open casket funeral to show the world what happened to her little boy with no just cause, & the news went nationwide. The man responsible for killing him was pleaded "not guilty". -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. When Rosa parks was convicted of violating the segregation laws, the blacks began to boycott the buses, which eventually became a battle they won. -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott began when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man. It lasted 381 days. This boycott brought rise to the young national leader Martin Luther King Jr. All the blacks refused to ride the public busses and instead provided their own means of transportation or walked. They won the protest, and blacks and whites could sit together. This was one step closer to desegregation. -
Orval Fabus
Orval Fabus was the Democratic Governor of Arkansas who ordered the Arkansas National Guardsmen to block nine blacks students from entering the Little Rock Central High School who were apart of desegregating schools. -
SCLC
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference began near the time of the Montgomery Bus Boycott. The SCLC organized many nonviolent boycotts and protests during the Civil Rights to help win the fight of Civil Rights for freedom in the South. The organization still stands today, and it open for all races, religions, and backgrounds to lead the world today. MLK was one of the founding leaders. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were nine brave black Arkansas teenagers who were chosen to attend Little Rock Central High School to desegregate the school. The riots that followed became so bad, that to just enter the school, the 101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army had to escort the children every single day into the school. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to give blacks the right to vote. -
Stokely Carmichael
Stokely Carmichael was the leader of the SNCC, a civil rights group in the 1960s. He managed to raise the number of black voters higher than white voters in the country. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action is when a business or government looks at a group of people (race, sex, color, religion, class) and takes it into account to increase the opportunities of that group or the numbers of that group. -
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Sit- Ins
The Sit- In movement began when four African- American college students sat at a white-only counter at a local Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina. They asked to be served coffee. It soon grew into a movement, where you would sit quietly and wait to be served. Restaurants began to ban their policy on segregation. -
Freedom Riders
On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African American and White civil rights activists began the Freedom Riders. Bus trips through the South were taken to protest segregation on public buses. They were recruited by the CORE and tried to use "whites-only" services along their trip. The group received violence from protestors, but also drew attention to their cause nationally. Several hundred Freedom Riders followed the groups lead, to eventually end segregation on public buses in September. -
Ole Miss Integration
An African -American named James Meredith attempted to enroll at the University of Mississippi, and a riot broke out on the Ole Miss campus. The riot ended with 2 dead, 100 wounded, and many more arrested, and Kennedy had to call out 31,000 National Guardsmen to stop the chaos. -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan encouraged women to find personal fulfillment beyond traditional roles. She helped lead the womens right movement by being a found of the National Organization of Womens rights and helped women be able to be apart of politics. -
George Wallace
George Wallace was a four term governor of Alabama who was very racists believed in racial segregation. He was backed by the Klu Klux Klan and strongly opposite of integration in schools. -
University of Alabama Integration
The federal district court ordered Alabama to enroll two African American students - Vivien Malone and James Hood- during the summer session to fight against segregation. Governor George Wallace attempted to block the students from entering before the Alabama National Guard has to interfere. -
March on Washington
200,000 Americans gathered in Washington D.C. at the Lincoln Memorial to march for jobs and freedom. This march became a key moment in the civil rights, where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream Speech." -
Martin Luther King Jr
Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and a leading activist in the Civil Rights movement. He was one of the main figures of the Civil Rights and gave his "I had a dream speech." at the March on Washington in August 28th, 1963. -
Lester Maddox
Lester Maddox had a strong belief in segregation who owned a restaurant called "Pickrick Cafeteria." He was open only to white customers, and was ordered by the federal government to desegregate his restaurant within twenty days, and he instead sold his restaurant. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by congress and outlawed the discrimination of sex and race in hiring, promoting, and firing. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1965, which ended segregation in all public places and banned employment discrimination from race, sex, color, religion, ect. This act was first proposed by JFk, but he was assassinated before he could sign it. This act marked a point where the federal government was really trying to aim for equality to the African Americans. -
Watts Riots
The Watts Riots began in the predominately black Watts neighborhood is Los Angeles when two white police man scuffled with a black man who was believed to be drunk while driving. This stirred anger as people believed it was another racially motivated abuse by the police. The rioters began to beat whites, policemen and firemen. Thousands of national Guardsmen were ordered to stop the riots. The Watts riot was the worst urban riot in 20 years and foreshadowed other riots to come. -
Black Panther Party
The Black Panther Party was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by two men named Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. The party's purpose was to patrol African American neighborhoods to protect them from police brutality, which eventually led to fight for many basic rights for the African Americans such as the arming of all African Americans, the exemption from the draft, sanctions in all-white areas, release from jail, and payment of compensation. -
Ceasar Chavez
Ceasar Chaves was a Union Leader who worked to improve the conditions, pay ad treatment of farm workers. He founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962 which later united with another foundation to become the United Farm Workers in 1972. He called for a boycott against California table grape growers in 1968 and strived to make the farm a better place for workers. -
Title IX
Title IX prevents any discrimination of sex in federal funded education or activities. It is apart of the Education Amendments of 1972. Its purpose was to avoid federal money use to suppose sex discrimination in educational programs and provide individuals protection against this.
