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The California Delegation Against Hate Violence documents the increasing human rights abuses by INS agents and private citizens against migrants in the San Diego-Tijuana border area.
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Black and white liberal reformers struggled to ameliorate oppressive practices, forming groups like the NAACP in 1909 and the National Urban League in 1911.
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The African-American experience remained a central component of the geopolitical struggle during the Cold War. The Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) continually challenged America's self-proclaimed "Leader of the Free World" status by highlighting anti-black racism in the United States. In response, the United States both publicly endorsed gradual integration and fostered a stifling climate of anti-communism.
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In hope of “wooing” black voted, Truman ordered the desegregation of the armed forces and called for federal laws to advance civil rights. Congress rejected his appeals for legislation, but Truman’s moves were noteworthy: No American president since Reconstruction had made such an effort.
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Now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Fourteen-year-old Chicagoan Emmett Till was found murdered in Mississippi's Tallahatchie River. He allegedly whistled at a white woman. Yet his death was simply the most spectacular manifestation of white terror and racial containment.
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Rosa Louise Parks was recognized as the “mother of the modern day civil rights movement” in America. Her refusal to surrender her seat to a white male passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus, December 1, 1955, triggered a wave of protest December 5, 1955. Her quiet courageous act changed America, its view of black people and redirected the course of history.
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott, in which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from December 5, 1955, to December 20, 1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. (Led by Martin Luther King Jr.)
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In a key event of the American Civil Rights Movement, nine black students enrolled at formerly all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, in September 1957, testing a landmark 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
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Hawaii elects Hiram Fong (of Chinese ancestry) and Daniel Inouye (of Japanese ancestry) to represent them in Congress, the first two Asian Americans to serve in that body. (1959) - Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the first in the U.S. Senate. Sen. Fong was the first Chinese American to serve in Congress and provided important additions to the Hamilton Library.
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Four black university students from N.C. A&T University began a sit-in at a segregated F.W. Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C. On February 1st, 1960 in Greensboro, North Carolina, four A&T freshmen students, Ezell Blair, Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil and David Richmond walked downtown and “sat - in” at the whites–only lunch counter. They refused to leave when denied service and stayed until the store closed.
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The President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, the EEOC. (1960) - President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925, which required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and are treated without regard to their race or national origin. It established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.
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The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded at Shaw University in Raleigh, N.C (1960) - The SNCC was founded at Shaw University in Raleigh, N.C., providing young blacks with a more prominent place in the civil rights movement. It later grew into a more radical organization. The organization changed its name to the Student National Coordinating Committee.
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The arrest of the Freedom Riders in the South. (1961) - The Freedom Ride In this protest, white passengers would sit in seats reserved for black passengers and vice versa. When a bus stopped, whites would use the rest areas reserved for blacks and blacks would attempt to use the rest rooms reserved for whites.
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In November of 1961, civil rights activists take part in a series of protests, meetings, and marches in Albany, Georgia. They are later called the Albany Movement.
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Riots erupt when James Meredith, a black student, enrolls at Ole Miss (1962) - In 1961, he applied to the all-white University of Mississippi. He was at first accepted, but his admission was later withdrawn when the registrar discovered his race. Meredith filed a suit for discrimination. Although the state courts ruled against him, the case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in his favor.
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NAACP leader – Medgar Evers – was assassinated. (1963) - On June 12th, 1963, J F Kennedy addressed the nation on civil rights and stated that there would be federal support to push forward integration. Evers, an active civil rights speaker, had worked all day and returned home late at night. As he got out of his car, he was shot in the back and died fifty minutes later in hospital.
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On April 12, 1963, the Birmingham police arrest Martin Luther King, Jr. for demonstrating in the city without a city permit.
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On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million Americans from across the United States converged on the nation's capitol in what was to become a defining moment in the Civil Rights movement.
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Dr. Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, (1964) - Martin Luther King is probably the most famous person associated with the civil rights movement. King was active from the start of the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 to 1956 until his murder in April 1968. Martin Luther King was a symbol of what the civil rights campaign was all about and he brought massive international cover to the movement.
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More Republicans voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act than Democrats. Ohio's Republican Rep. William McCulloch became a critical leader in getting the bill passed.
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February 17, protester Jimmy Lee Jackson was fatally shot by an Alabama state trooper. In response, a protest march from Selma to Montgomery was scheduled for March 7. Six hundred marchers assembled in Selma on Sunday, March 7, and, led by John Lewis and other SNCC and SCLC activists, crossed the Edmund Pettus
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Black Panthers Formed (1966) - Bobby Seale and Huey Newton co-found the Black Panthers in Oakland, California. Unlike the civil rights activists who preach non-violence, the Black Panthers authorize the use of violence as self-defense.
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President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968 on April 11. This act prohibits discrimination by sellers or renters of property. This act is also known as the Fair Housing Act of 1968.
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Equal Rights Amendment Passes in Congress (1972) - The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) states that the rights guaranteed by the Constitution apply equally to all persons regardless of their sex. After the 19th Amendment affirming women’s right to vote was ratified in 1920, suffragist leader Alice Paul introduced the ERA in 1923 as the next step in bringing "equal justice under law" to all citizens.
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In the Supreme Court case Roe vs. Wade, woman’s “right to privacy" won out over the fetal “right to life." That ruling outlawed abortion and allowed abortions in the first trimester, or three months, of pregnancy.
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Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (Affirmative Action) (1978) - The U.S. Supreme Court decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke holds that college admission standards giving preferential consideration to minority applicants are constitutional.
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Shoot-out in Greensboro, North Carolina, leaves five anti-Klan protesters dead; 12 Klansmen charged with murder. (1979) - In 1980, six Klan and Nazi members were put on trial on murder and rioting charges. During the trial, evidence came to light indicating that the Greensboro police, and perhaps the federal government, were aware of the probability of violence at the rally but did little to prevent it.
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Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act. Protecting the rights of disabled persons in institutions, elderly in government-run nursing homes, and prisoners.
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Martin Luther King Jr. federal holiday established (1983) - The House of Representatives passes King Holiday Bill, providing for the King Holiday to be observed on the third Monday in January. The bill, which passes by a vote of 338 to 90.
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In 1984, the Supreme Court rules that states do have the right to outlaw homosexual acts between consenting adults.
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Overriding President Reagan's veto, Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act (1988)
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Miami's Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a Cuban American, becomes the first Latino woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
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After two years of debates, vetoes, and threatened vetoes, President Bush reverses himself and signs the Civil Rights Act of 1991
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Dr. Bernard Harris Jr. becomes the first African American to walk in space. He served as the crew representative for Shuttle Software in the Astronaut Office Operations Development Branch. A veteran of two space flights, Dr. Harris has logged more than 438 hours in space. (1995)
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James Byrd, Jr. is murdered by white supremacists in Jasper, Texas. In response, Byrd's family create the James Byrd Foundation for Racial Healing. (1998)
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After years of U.S. Navy exercise-bombings on the Puerto Rican island of Vieques, civil rights leaders in both Puerto Rican and African American communities respond with a non-violent protest galvanizing the island's 9,300 residents.
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The Supreme Court upholds the University of Michigan Law School's policy University of Michigan Law School's policy ruling that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students because it furthers "a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body." (2003)
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Immigrants and their allies launch massive demonstrations in cities and towns across the country in support of immigrant rights and to protest the growing resentment toward undocumented workers. (2006)
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Barack Obama elected as the first black president of the United States. (2008)
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