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Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist,sculptor, and architect.While his fame initially rested on his achievements as a painter, he also became known for his notebooks,in which he made drawings and notes on a variety of subjects, including anatomy, astronomy, botany, cartography, painting, and paleontology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwSfhxnrTaE -
The fall of Constantinople, also known as the conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453[15][16] as part of the culmination of a 53-day siege which had begun on 6 April.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople -
Johannes Gutenberg was a german craftsman and inventor who originated a method of printing from movable type.With this he used it to print the Gutenberg Bible, which is one of the earliest books in the world to be printed from movable type.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Gutenberg -
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castileand King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.Spain was formed as a dynastic union of two crowns rather than a unitary state, as Castile and Aragon remained separate kingdoms .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain -
Michelangelo was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance. Born in the Republic of Florence, his work was inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western art. Michelangelo's creative abilities and mastery in a range of artistic arenas define him as an archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and elder contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo -
In the 15th Century, Christopher Columbus went on a trip to The Maluku Islands .Due to various attempts he steps in Jamaica and after 2 years returns to Spain.
https://www.culturaydeporte.gob.es/en/cultura/areas/archivos/mc/bicentenarios/contexto-historico/imperio-espanol/descubrimiento.html -
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 was an agreement between the monarchs of Spain and Portugal to divide the world into two spheres of influence. The imaginary dividing line ran down the center of the Atlantic Ocean, leaving the Americas for Spain and West Africa and everything beyond the Cape of Good Hope for Portugal.
https://www.worldhistory.org/trans/es/1-19935/tratado-de-tordesillas/ -
He became the king of Spain in 1516 and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in 1530.
https://issuu.com/thalasocracia/docs/the_reign_of_carlos_v_b03085c2b9e028 -
Juana more know as ``Juana La Loca´´was the nominal Queen of Castile from 1504 and Queen of Aragon from 1516 to her death in 1555.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile -
John Calvin was a theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above all in his Institutio Christianae religionis ,and the institutional and social patterns he worked out for Geneva deeply influenced Protestantism elsewhere in Europe and in North America.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin -
The Ninety-five or Thesesor Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences[a] was a list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther, then a professor of moral theology at the University of Wittenberg which was controlled by the Electorate of Saxony. At the time, he was considered the youngest member of the theological faculty at the university which was still known for its medieval theology.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses -
In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy which defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head on earth of the Church of England, thereby severing ecclesiastical links with Rome. He did this because he needed a male heir to the throne.
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/religion/collections/common-prayer/act-of-supremacy/#:~:text=In%201534%20Parliament%20passed%20the,severing%20ecclesiastical%20links%20with%20Rome. -
Council of Trent was the ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563. Prompted by the Reformation, the Council of Trent responded emphatically to the issues at hand and enacted the formal Roman Catholic reply to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestants.
https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Trent -
Felipe II of Spain called ``El Prudente´´was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598. He was also jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain -
Felipe III of Spain called ``el Piadoso´´ was King of Spain,he was also King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain -
Diego Velázquezwas a Spanish painter,the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal,and of the Spanish Golden Age.He began to paint in a precise tenebrist style,later developing a freer manner characterized by bold brushwork.In addition to numerous renditions of scenes of historical and cultural significance.
https://www.museodelprado.es/aprende/enciclopedia/voz/velazquez-diego-rodriguez-de-silva-y/264aa37c-c2ac-4690-9b7d-b9eccb5978e9 -
Felipe IV (Valladolid, 1605 - Madrid, 1665), son of Felipe III and Margarita of Austria, reigned between 1621 and 1665, after the unexpected death of his father on March 31, when he was just 16 years old.
https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/felipe4.shtml#:~:text=Felipe%20IV%20(Valladolid%2C%201605%20%2D,reci%C3%A9n%20cumplidos%20los%2016%20a%C3%B1os. -
Carlos II most known as ``El Hechizado´´ was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire. Best remembered for his physical disabilities and the War of the Spanish Succession that followed his death.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain -
The war was caused by conflicting claims to the Spanish throne after the death of the childless King Carlos II. The accession to the Spanish throne of Felipe V, grandson of King Louis XIV of France, antagonized England and Holland, which were in growing competition with France. -
The French Revolution was a watershed event in world history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens radically altered their political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as the monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by disgust with the French aristocracy and the economic policies of King Louis XVI.
https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/french-revolution