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"The Supreme Court denied citizenship to Black people, setting the stage for their treatment as second class citizens."
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A timeline of the events leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court Case in 1954.
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"The first Black schools were set up under the direction of the Freedmen’s Bureau."
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"The intention of this law was to protect all persons in the United States, including Blacks, in their civil rights."
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"Discrimination in places of public accommodation was prohibited."
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"The Court declared that the Fourteenth Amendment does not prohibit discrimination by private individuals or businesses, paving the way for segregation in public education."
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"The Supreme Court upheld a local school board's decision to close a free public Black school due to fiscal constraints, despite the fact that the district continued to operate two free public white schools."
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The NAACP became the primary tool for the legal attack on segregation, eventually trying the Brown v. Board of Education case.
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The Court applied the "separate but equal" formulation of Plessy v. Ferguson to the public schools.
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"Assisted by his protege Thurgood Marshall, Charles Hamilton Houston, of the NAACP, began his strategy of challenging segregation in graduate and professional schools."
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"Thurgood Marshall would eventually lead counsel in the Brown v. Board of Education case."
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"On February 28, Brown v. Board of Education was filed in Federal district court, in Kansas."
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"First round of arguments held in Brown and its companion cases."
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"The Supreme Court ordered that a second round of arguments in Brown v. Board be heard in October."
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"Chief Justice Fred Vinson Jr. died unexpectedly of a heart attack on the 8th. California Governor Earl Warren will take his place."
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"Second round of arguments in Brown v. Board of Education."
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"The Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, and declared that racial segregation in public schools violated the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment."
