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unveiled to a crowd of around 150,000 -
Jim Crow laws were upheld in 1896 in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson
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the J.E.B. Stuart and Jefferson Davis monuments were erected
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This book supported the "lost cause" tenets of the civil war and sold out quickly indicating strong confederate cause support still existed
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President Woodrow Wilson initiated the segregation of federal workplaces in 1913
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Silent film promoting the KKK
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Associate Justice Frank Murphy introduced the word "racism" into the lexicon of U.S. Supreme Court opinions in Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214
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President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981, desegregating the armed services
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segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren
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Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama
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Overturned many Jim Crow Laws
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Overturned remaining Jim Crow Laws
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Laws banning interracial marriage deemed unconstitutional
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Famous African American Tennis Player, erected in the otherwise "confederate row" -
Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia opened at Ferris State University
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Name changed to "American Civil War Museum" after merging with the American Civil War Center -
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White supremacist James Alex Fields, Jr. deliberately drove his car into a crowd of people who had been peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring 35
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the traffic circle where the statue stands was unofficially updated with a sign that reads "Welcome to Beautiful Marcus-David Peters Circle, Liberated by the People MMXX -
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Ralph Northam, the Governor of Virginia, ordered the statue removed
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The state court ruled in Northam's favor and said the statue could be removed
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Decision was put on hold pending an appeal to the Supreme Court of Virginia.
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Between George Floyd being killed and the end of 2020 30 statues were removed
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The supreme court begins hearing arguments about the statue
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I have chosen to analyze the South East Side, specifically the base of the stairs. Graffiti reads "see us" "we will not be silenced" "riot is the language of the unheard" "BLM" "Trump is Racist" and photos of victims of police brutality are placed. Key aspects of the graffiti are political discourse (thoughts on authority, politics), resistance (social movements) and communication. In addition, the takeover of a confederate monument and making it a "new place" is a means of placemaking.