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Robert Hooke coind the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganism
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Gregor Mendel discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits
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Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentaton and proposed the Germ Theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectious diseases
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Found nucleic acid in white blood celss from pus in bandages. later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism
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Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes ere on chromosomes
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Fred Griffith used mice to prove genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another
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Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin form a fungus many of his ideas are used to develop biotech drugs today
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Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine
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Beadle and Tatum proposed one gene one enzyme hypothesis
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Avery, McCarty and McLeod established that indeed DNA was hereditary material that was transferred
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hershey and chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material
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Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crystallongrahy that DNa was indeed a Double helix
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
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Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
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Walter Gilbert discobered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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Arber, Nathans and smith discovered the bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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Khorana and Nirenberg discoverd the 64 codons (the triolet code of 3 bases in DNA that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purifieed by BInograd
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Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli
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Cloning experiments were conducted by boyer and cohen
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Genentech the worlds first genetic engineering company was founded
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was key organizer
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine cytosine guanine and thymine
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Boyer inserted a synthertic insulin gene into E. Coli
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Louise Joy Brown was born the first human baby resulting from in vitrio fertilization in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb
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Botstein found that one could be identified by the pattern madeof one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragmen Length Plymorphism (RFLP)
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US supreme court ruled that geneticallly altered life forms can be patented this resulted in a huge start up of biotech companies
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals
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Eli Lilly COmpany placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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Schell, Chilton Van Montagu Fraly and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
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Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the Lab
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Genes were moved into and organism through the use of a gene gun
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Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases
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An automated fluorescence sequencer was invented speeding up the labor intesne process
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants frown in greenouses and animals raised in barns
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Andrew fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference silencing of genes in the worm C. elegans
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Kohler Milstein and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology
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Maynard Olson at Washington University invented Yeast artifical chromosomes or YACs which are expression vectors for large proteins
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult ewe at Roslin Institute in Scotland
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DNA microarray DNA chip Technology looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip was developed
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Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers Technology like this greatly sped up the Human genome project
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Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for oart of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression
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Announcement was made of completion of the human genome project it rovided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes
