-
Invention of Microscope
Robert Hooke coind the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganism -
Period: to
Before DNA
-
Pea Plants
Gregor Mendel discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits -
Science of microbiology
Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentaton and proposed the Germ Theory, claiming that microorganisms were responsible for infectious diseases -
Found nucleic acid
Found nucleic acid in white blood celss from pus in bandages. later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism -
Period: to
DNA science
-
Study of Fruit Flies
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes ere on chromosomes -
genetic material
Fred Griffith used mice to prove genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another -
Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin form a fungus many of his ideas are used to develop biotech drugs today -
DNA
Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine -
One Gene one enzyme
Beadle and Tatum proposed one gene one enzyme hypothesis -
DNA was hereditary
Avery, McCarty and McLeod established that indeed DNA was hereditary material that was transferred -
Blender Experiment
hershey and chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material -
Double Helix
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins established through X-ray crystallongrahy that DNa was indeed a Double helix -
Structure of DNA
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA -
Structure of DNA
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA -
RNA
Walter Gilbert discobered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA -
restriction enzymes
Arber, Nathans and smith discovered the bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA -
Codes making up protiens
Khorana and Nirenberg discoverd the 64 codons (the triolet code of 3 bases in DNA that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins -
DNA Plasmids
DNA plasmids were isolated and purifieed by BInograd -
Escherichia coli
Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli -
Period: to
Recombiant DNA Technology and Beyond
-
Cloning
Cloning experiments were conducted by boyer and cohen -
Genentech
Genentech the worlds first genetic engineering company was founded -
work with recombinant DNA
140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul Berg was key organizer -
DNA
Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA given an unknown piece of DNA they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine cytosine guanine and thymine -
syntehetic insulin gene
Boyer inserted a synthertic insulin gene into E. Coli -
virto fertilization
Louise Joy Brown was born the first human baby resulting from in vitrio fertilization in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb -
RFLP
Botstein found that one could be identified by the pattern madeof one's DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragmen Length Plymorphism (RFLP) -
US supreme court ruling
US supreme court ruled that geneticallly altered life forms can be patented this resulted in a huge start up of biotech companies -
Transgenic animals
Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals -
human insulin gene
Eli Lilly COmpany placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria -
Agrobacterium
Schell, Chilton Van Montagu Fraly and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer -
PCR
Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction to amplify DNA in the Lab -
Genes
Genes were moved into and organism through the use of a gene gun -
Criminal cases
Jeffries applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases -
1985
An automated fluorescence sequencer was invented speeding up the labor intesne process -
safety guidelines
NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants frown in greenouses and animals raised in barns -
silencing of genes
Andrew fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference silencing of genes in the worm C. elegans -
MAb
Kohler Milstein and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology -
YACs
Maynard Olson at Washington University invented Yeast artifical chromosomes or YACs which are expression vectors for large proteins -
Dolly
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult ewe at Roslin Institute in Scotland -
DNA chip
DNA microarray DNA chip Technology looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip was developed -
automated DNA sequncer
Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,800 base pairs per hour5 to 30 times faster than existing sequencers Technology like this greatly sped up the Human genome project -
mRNA
Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for oart of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression -
Human Genome Project
Announcement was made of completion of the human genome project it rovided the ability to find genes and gave rise to the sequencing of other genomes
