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Robert Hooke made the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms with the newly invented microscope.
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Gregor Mendal, an Austrain monk, came up with simple laws to predict certain traits for the offspring.
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Louis Pasteur described fermentation, established the science of microbiology, proposed the Germ Theory (claims that microorganisms cause diseases).
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Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages.
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While studying fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes.
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Fred Griffith, proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
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Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are still in use today.
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Erwin Chargaff showed that in DNA the number of units of adenine equaled those of thymine and the number of units of cytosine equaled those of guanine
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Beadle and Tatum propsed this theory and in 1944, Avery, McCarty and McLeod established that DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
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Hayes discovered plasmid DNA
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Hershey and Chase proved viruses replicated using DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary material.
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Through X-ray crystallography, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins confirmed DNA was a Double Helix
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Watson and Crick Discovered the structure of DNA
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Walter gilbert discovered the mechanism of gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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Khorana and Nirenberg discovered the triplet code of 3 bases of DNA that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified by Vinograd
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Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli.
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Cloning experiments wre conducted by Boyer and Cohen
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The world's first genetic engineering company was founded, named Genentech
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140 scientists meet to make up guidelines for work with rDNA. Paul Berg was a key organizer
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Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA
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Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
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Botstein found that pattern made of on'es DNA through a digest by different enzymes. This DNA fingerprint is called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
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Louise Joy Brown was born, the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization.
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The U.S supreme court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. Huge startup of biotech companies.
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Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals
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Eli Lilly Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
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Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer
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Kary Mullis invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA
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RFLP in DNA profiling is being used to study criminal cases
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Automated Fluorescence Sequencer was invented, speeding up the labor-intense process
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Genes were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun
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NIH revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA, which includes green house plants and animals raised in barns
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Andrew Fire and Craig Mello discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the worm C. elegans
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Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne use monoclonal antibody technology
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At Washington University, YACs or "yeast artifcial chromosomes," are invented, which are vectors for large proteins
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Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe sheep
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DNA microarray (DNA chip) technology, looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide
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Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that had the capability of sequencing 76,800 basse pairs per hour, 5 to 30 time faster.
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Ron Breaker made the term "riboswitch" for part of an mRNA molecule
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The completion of the Human Genome Project by Francis Collins and Craig Venter. This project provided the ability to find genes and sequencing other genomes.
