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9000 BCE
Humans domesticate crops and livestock.
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8000 BCE
Potatoes first cultivated for food.
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2000 BCE
Biotech used to leaven bread and ferment beer.
used yeasts in Egypt -
500 BCE
Moldy soybean curds used to treat boils.
first antibiotic -
100 BCE
Powdered Chrysanthemum
insecticide -
Cells are first described by Hooke.
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Leeuwenhoek discovers protozoa and bacteria.
animalcules -
Edward Jenner takes pus from cowpox lesion, inserts it into an incision on a boy's arm.
the first vaccine for smallpox -
First enzyme is discovered and isolated.
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Proteins are discovered.
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Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance by studying flowers in his garden. The science of genetics begins.
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Production of cheese, fermentation of wine begins.
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Louis Pasteur develops a rebuttal of the theory of spontaneous generation. Now known as the father of microbiology.
he set up two experiments. In both, Pasteur added nutrient broth to flasks, bent the necks of the flasks into S shapes, and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes -
Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection.
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The Escherichia coli bacterium is discovered.
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The chromosome is discovered by Waldeyer. Genes are linked with hereditary disorders.
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Herman Mulier discovers that radiation causes defects in chromosomes.
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Sickle cell disease is shown to occur due to a change in one amino acid.
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Phages are discovered.
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Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin by chance when he realizes that Penicillium mold kills bacteria.
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DNA is proven to carry genetic information.
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The first automatic protein sequencer is perfected.
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James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA.
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DNA is made in a test tube for the first time.
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The amino acid sequence of insulin is discovered by Frederick Sanger.
because of this discovery that we know that every human protein has a unique sequence of any or all of the 20 types of amino acids -
Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice genetic material very specifically occurs.
This opens the way for gene cloning. -
The genetic code for DNA is cracked.
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An enzyme is synthesized in vitro for the first time.
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Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes.
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The first complete synthesis of a gene occurs.
Commercial gene synthesis services are now available. -
Human embryonic stem cell lines are established.
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the first federally approved gene therapy treatment is performed successfully on a 4 year old girl with ADA-SCID.
Ashanthi -
The Human Genome Project
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Scientists report the birth of Dolly.
suggested that, someday, it might be possible to clone humans -
The first cloned pet, a kitten, is delivered to its owner.
Nicky -
The draft version of the human genome is published, making it possible for researchers at over the world to begin developing treatments.
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The SARS virus is sequenced three weeks after its discovery.
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NIH begins a 10 year, 10000 patient study using a genetic test to predict breast cancer recurrence and guides treatment.
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A recombinant vaccine against HPV receives FDA approval.
causes warts in various parts of the body -
Trachea deprived from stem cells transplanted into human recipient.
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Researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute create the first synthetic cell.
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FDA approves the first cord blood therapy to be used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation procedures in patients with disorders affecting the hematopoietic system.
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Advances in next gen sequencing enable human whole genome sequencing in less than one week for under 2000.
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Scientists successfully adapt CRISPR Cas9 for genome editing in eukaryotic cells.
can delete, insert, and modify the DNA -
Advances in 3D printing technology lead to "skin-printing".