Biotech cloning 1

Biotech Cloning Timeline

By emoseley2017

  • Chromosomes and Inheritance

    Walter Sutton published “On the Morphology of the Chromosome Group in Brachystola magna”, hypothesizing that chromosomes carry the inheritance and that they occur in distinct pairs within a cell’s nucleus. Sutton also argued that how chromosomes act when sex cells divide was the basis for the Mendelian Law of Heredity.

  • Embryo Cells Carry Genetic Information

    German embryologist Hans Spemann slip a 2-celled salamander embryo and each cell grew to adulthood, providing proof that early embryo cells carry necessary genetic information. This finally disproved Weismann’s 1885 theory that the amount of genetic information in cells decreases with each division.

  • Nuclear Transfer Experiments Results Published

    Hans Spemann published the results of his 1928 primitive nuclear transfer experiments involving salamander embryos in the book “Embryonic Development and Induction.” Spemann argued the next step for research should be the cloning organisms by extracting the nucleus of a differentiated cell and putting it into an enucleated egg.

  • Genetic Information in DNA

    Oswald Avery found that a cell’s genetic information was carried in DNA.

  • First Animal Cloning

    First animal cloning: Robert Briggs and Thomas J. King cloned northern leopard frogs.

  • Structure of DNA Discovered

    Francis Crick and James Watson, working at Cambridge’s Cavendish Labratory, discovered the structure of DNA.

  • Term "Clone" Coined

    Biologist J.B.S. Haldane coined the term “clone” in a speech entitled “Biological Possibilities for the Human Species of the Next Ten-Thousand Years.”

  • Genetic Code Discovered

    Marshall Nirenberg, Heinrich Matthaei, and Severo Ochoa broke the genetic code, discovering what codon sequences specified each of the twenty amino acids.

  • DNA Ligase Isolated

    DNA ligase, the enzyme responsible for binding strands of DNA, was isolated.

  • First Gene Isolated

    James Shapiero and Johnathan Beckwith announced that they had isolated the first gene.

  • First Recombinant DNA Molecule

    Paul Berg combined the DNA of two different organisms, thus creating the first recombinant DNA molecules.

  • First Recombinant DNA Organism

    Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer created the first recombinant DNA organism using recombinant DNA techniques pioneered by Paul Berg. Also known as gene splicing, this technique that allows scientists to manipulate the DNA of an organism - the basis of genetic engineering.

  • Asexual Mice Reproduction

    Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe created mice with only a single parent.

  • Vitro Fertilization

    Baby Louise, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization, was born

  • 3 Mice Cloned

    Karl Illmensee claimed to have cloned three mice.

  • Diamond v. Chakrabarty

    In the case Diamond v. Chakrabarty, the United States Supreme Court ruled that “live, human made microorganism is patentable material.”

  • Polymerase Chain Reaction

    Kary B. Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This process allows for the rapid synthesis of designated fragments of DNA.

  • First Human Mother-to-Mother Embryo Transfer

    The first human mother-to-mother embryo transfer was completed.

  • Cloned Sheep from Embryo Cells

    Steen Willadsen cloned a sheep from embryo cells, the first verified example of mammal cloning using the process of nuclear transfer.

  • Duplication of Prize Catlle Embryos

    Steen Willadsen used his cloning technique to duplicate prize cattle embryos.

  • First Transgenic Livestock

    Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic livestock: pigs that produce human growth hormone.

  • Human Genome Project

    The National Institutes of Health officially launched the Human Genome Project to locate the 50,000 to 100,000 genes and sequence the estimated 3 billion nucleotides of the human genome.

  • First Human Embryos Cloned

    Human embryos were first cloned.

  • Cloned First Organism from Adult Cells

    Dolly, the first organism every to be cloned from adult cells, was born.

  • Lamb Cloned from Skin Cells

    Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell, the scientists who created Dolly, also created Polly, a Poll Dorset lamb cloned from skin cells grown in a lab and genetically altered to contain a human gene.

  • Banning of Cloning Proposed

    President Clinton proposed legislation to ban the cloning of humans for at least 5 years.

  • Ban on Human Cloning

    Nineteen European nations signed a ban on human cloning.