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Galen
Galen was a Greek man who became Rome's top physician. He learned and compiled data about the human body from other peoples work, tending wounded gladiators, and dissecting animals. His findings and teaching were used for 100's of years. https://www.famousscientists.org/galen/ -
Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired inheritance
Developed by Lamarck in 1801, if an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He stated that it could be developed by both a want or a need. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Baptiste-Lamarck -
Voyage of the HMS Beagle
originally only planned for a 2 year journey, the trip on this 90 foot ship took 5 years to complete. This trip made Darwin question what he knew and began his research and development of his theory of natural selection. -
Refuting Spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment where he sterilized broth in to separate flasks with s shaped necks. He broke one so it was exposed to the open air and one remained sterile. The one exposed grew bacteria and the other one did not. https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-germ-theory-of-disease-definition-louis-pasteur.html -
The origin of species by means of natural selection is published
Charles Darwin published his book arguing that organisms gradually evolved through a process called natural selection. He explained that organisms with genetic variations that suit their environment tend to propagate more descendants than organisms of the same species that do not. the book became one of the most influential books of its time https://worldhistoryproject.org/1859/11/24/charles-darwins-on-the-origin-of-species-is-published -
Germ Theory
before Pastuer developed the germ theory, it was commonly believed that diseases were came from spontaneous generation. Pastuer used his microscope to prove that microbes were the cause of these diseases. His theory led to new hospital practices and the development of sterilization. https://www.britannica.com/topic/germ-theory -
Pea plant traits
While Mendel's ideas on genetics and inheritence were published in 1866, it went mostly unnoticed until the 1900's. He discovered that the parents traits don't blend in its offspring, instead the offspring expresses on full trait or the other. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/mendel/mendel_1.htm -
Hardy-Weinberg equation
The Hardy-weinberg equation is an algorithm that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. This means that absent of disturbing factors will lead genetic variation remaining constant. https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/synthetic/synth_2.htm -
Sex-linkage
Morgan was doing experiments breeding fruit flies when he noticed one with white eyes instead of red. He isolates it and breaded it with a normal red eyed female. of all the offspring only 3 had white eyes but hunt noticed they were all male and continued breeding led to his theory on sex linkage. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php -
Bohr model of atomic structure
The bohr model has an atom consisting of a small, positively charged nucleus orbited by negatively charged electrons. Apparently the model contains some errors but is still regarded as important because it describes most of the accepted features of atomic theory without high level math. -
Transformation
First reported by Fredrick Griffith in 1928, he conducted the first experiment to show that bacteria are indeed capable of transferring genetic information. This spurred the later studies for discovering DNA holds our genetic information. http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/43672.aspx -
DNA carries genetic code
before Avery,MacLoed, and McCarty discovered that genetic code is carried in our DNA, it was common belief that protein was the genetic carrier. It was discovered when initial researching types of bacteria https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2013/jun/03/oswald-t-avery-genetic-science-dna -
Hershey-Chase
a series of experiments where phages were used to prove that DNA is genetic material. Phages bind themselves and pushing the labeled DNA into the bacteria. This helped prove that it can be transported from one person to another. -
Image 51
Taken by Rosalind Franklin and her graduate student, image 51 was a x-ray that helped Watson and Crick discover the Double Helix structure of DNA. It was taken using crystallography which can be related to a primitive form of 3D imaging. https://www.insight.mrc.ac.uk/2013/04/25/behind-the-picture-photo-51/ -
Double Helix
from 1951 to 1953 Watson and Crick worked on solving the puzzle of the DNA structure. After multiple fails and some help from Jerry Donohue, they were finally able to understand and prove the Double helix structure of DNA https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Plasmodium falciparum
It is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical areas, and especially in Africa. It can cause severe malaria because it muliplies rapidly in the blood and can cause major blood loss. Can reach the brain and cause cerebral malaria. http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/ -
Meselson-Stahl experiment
Supported Watson-Crick theory on the double helix. Shows that when the DNA helix is replicated each of the two new double stranded DNA consisted of one original strand and one new strand. They were able to do this by changing an atom in the parent DNA molecule to "tag" it. http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Cracking genetic code
in 1961 a biochemist named Marshall Nirenburg discovered what is called a "triplet" which is a sequence of three bases of DNA that codes for 1 of the 20 amino acids. by 1966 he had deciphered a total of over 60 "triplets" http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
Apollo 11
Apollo 11 lands on the moon: Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the moon. Here, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took the first steps on another planetary body on July 20th, 1969. They were successfully able to return to earth with the first samples that were ever taken from another planetary body. https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm -
Spliceosomes
Spliceosomes are a large molecular machine found primarily in the nucleus. It is made up of snRNAs and protein complexes. Only Eukaryotas have spliceosomes, and some have multiple. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/RNA-Discovery.aspx -
Sanger method
Developed as a DNA sequencing technique and is based on chain termination by dideoxynucleotides during PCR elongation. It is the more commonly used method because it has been proven technically easier to use. https://www.thebalance.com/dna-sequencing-methods-375671 -
Deep sea hydro thermal vents
Scientist exploring the Galapagos Rift noticed a series of temperature spikes. They ended up discovering an entirely new ecosystem with hundreds of new species. Bacteria were converting toxic vent minerals into usable forms of energy through a process name chemo-synthesis. -
CRISPR/CAS9
originally identified in the 1980's in E. coli, but their function wasn't confirmed until 2007. it is essentially an adaptive immunity in select bacteria, enabling the organism to respond and eliminate invading genetic material. The hope is to use this technology to fix genetic and hereditary disease https://www.neb.com/tools-and-resources/feature-articles/crispr-cas9-and-targeted-genome-editing-a-new-era-in-molecular-biology -
Endosymbiosis
A theory created by Lynn Margulis, a biologist from Boston University, describes the mutually beneficial relationship of anaerobic bacteria engulfing the aerobic bacteria who would otherwise not be able to survive in an aerobic environment. https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/2k2endosymb.html -
Polymerase chain reaction
invented by Kary Mullis, it allows scientists to make millions of copies of scarce samples of DNA. The technique is also use by criminologists to link people to blood and hair samples via DNA comparison. http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
Innocence project
Founded by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck at Cardozo School of Law. Their mission statement states they are out to free innocent people who remain incarcerated by way of DNA testing and to prevent further injustices. https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Dolly the Sheep
The first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell. To produce dolly, the scientists used an udder cell from a 6 year old sheep. She was the only lamb born in 277 attempts. Since then cats,rabbits,horses,donkeys,pigs,goats and cattle have all been successfully cloned http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/ -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered: Fifteen years ago a group of anthropologists discovered “Sahelanthropus,” which is what is to be considered a seven million year old hominid. A hominid is considered a “primate of a family” Including humans, their ancestors, and some of the great apes. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-ten-years-after-the-disocvery-2449553/ -
Human Genome
The successful completion of the human genome project. They completed the sequencing the approximate 3 billion base pairs in the human genome. -
Richard L Bible execution
Richard Bible was arrested for molestation and murder of a 9 year old girl. He was on death row for over 20 years filling appeals for DNA tests to be done on the hair fond at the scene. He was executed on June 30 2011 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/arizona-executes-richard-bible-for-killing-9-year-old-girl-in-1988/
