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Claudius Ptolemy is best known for his discovery of the geocentric model of the solar system. while later astronomers disproved this theory it was important at the time and was one of the first explanations for planetary orbits.
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Eratosthenes created incredibly accurate measurements of the earth's surface, which he used to create a detailed system of longitude and latitude. this discovery was important because it provided future astronomers, navigators, and mathematicians with a detailed and standardized way of describing the earth's surface
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Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who proposed a heliocentric system of the planetary orbit, meaning that he proposed that all planets orbited the sun. this discovery is important because it revolutionized the way that astronomers viewed the solar system, before this, it was accepted that all celestial bodies orbited the earth.
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Tycho Brahe made accurate observations of new stars and the movement of planets. he was one of the first astronomers to note that planets orbit in ellipses. this discovery is important because it provided future astronomers with a more accurate understanding of the orbit of planets.
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Johannes Kepler used Tycho's measurements to calculate the orbit of Mars and the earth. he proposed that all planets orbit in an ellipse, he used this to create his two laws of planetary motion. this is important because these; laws of planetary motion are universal and continue to be used today.
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Sir Isaac Newton discovered universal gravitation, a theory that states that gravity works in the same way whether between celestial bodies or objects here on earth. this discovery is important because it provided future astronomers with a better understanding of how all objects in the universe interact with and affect one another.
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Albert Einstein discovered the theory of relativity, a theory of gravity that describes it as a curving or warping of space rather than an invisible drawing force. this discovery is considered important because it changed the way astronomers thought of a force as influential as gravity.