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Chinese reject British requests for open trade
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Napoleon invades Egypt
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Hong Xiquan, leader of Taiping Uprising
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Famine and rebellions in Japan
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First Opium War in China
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Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire
A Westernization Process in the Ottoman Empire: Factories producing cloth, paper, and armaments; modern mining operations; reclamation & resettlement of agricultural land; telegraphs, steamships, railroads, modern postal service; West-style law codes & courts; new elementary & secondary schools -
Treaty of Nanjing ends first Opium War
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Ottoman Empire Midwife training program
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Taiping Uprising in China
A different kind of upheaval: leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism; primary ideology was unique Christianity. Insisted on genuinely revolutionary change: called for the abolition of private land, radical redistribution of land, end of prostitution and opium smoking, and organization of society into sexually segregated military camps. -
Taiping revolutionaries est. capital in Nanjing
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Admiral Perry arrives in Japan
An Admiral sent to demand humane treatment of castaways, right of American vessels to refuel and buy provisions, and opening of trading ports. -
Ottoman Empire Girls' secondary 1853
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Second Opium War in China
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Meiji Restoration in Japan
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Ottoman Empire Female teacher training college
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Qiu Jin, rebellious daughter of a Chinese gentry family
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Young Turks' Short-lived Victory
Young Ottomans experienced short-lived victory. Sultan Abd al-HamidII accepted a constitution and elected parliament. Soon suspended reforms & reverted to the older style of despotic rule, even renewing the claim that he was the caliph, successor to the Prophet -
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Sultan Abd al-Hamid II
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Brief Samurai Rebellion
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Kishida Toshiko Speaking tour
Feminist leader Kishida Toshiko, astonished the country in 1882, undertaking a 2-month-long speaking tour, addressing a huge audience. She argued: Only “quality and equal wights” would allow Japan “to build a new society”. Japan must rid itself of the ancient habit of “respecting men and despising women.” -
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Peace Preservation Law of 1887
Forbade women from joining political parties or attending political meetings (Japan) -
Japanese Constitution
introduced elected parliament, political parties, and democratic ideas, drawing on German experience. Parliament could advise, but ultimate power lay with the emperor and with an oligarchy of reformers acting in his name. Modern educational system laced with Confucian-based moral instruction. Christianity made little headway, but Shinto (ancient religion featuring ancestors & natural spirits) became the official state cult. -
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Japanese war against China
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Ethiopian defeat of Italy preserves Ethiopia’s independence
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Flurry of Chinese imperial edicts, known as Hundred Days of Reform
A series of reforms in a too little too late attempt to modernize China -
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Boxer Rebellion in China
Led by militia known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, these "boxers" killed numerous Europeans & Chinese Christians and laid siege to foreign embassies. Western powers & Japan occupied Beijing to crush the rebellion and imposed a huge payment on China. This event made it clear that China was a dependent, foreign-controlled country. -
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902
This treaty, made between Europe and Japan, acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the World -
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Russo-Japanese War
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Young Turk takeover in Ottoman Empire
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Japan Annexes Korea
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Chinese Revolution; end of Qing Dynasty
In China, the collapse of the imperial system in 1912 was followed by vast revolutionary upheaval, leading to a communist regime. This was initiated by the Chinese emperor abdicating his throne and its power.