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A Westernization Process in the Ottoman Empire: Factories producing cloth, paper, and armaments; modern mining operations; reclamation & resettlement of agricultural land; telegraphs, steamships, railroads, modern postal service; West-style law codes & courts; new elementary & secondary schools
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A different kind of upheaval: leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism; primary ideology was unique Christianity. Insisted on genuinely revolutionary change: called for the abolition of private land, radical redistribution of land, end of prostitution and opium smoking, and organization of society into sexually segregated military camps.
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An Admiral sent to demand humane treatment of castaways, right of American vessels to refuel and buy provisions, and opening of trading ports.
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Young Ottomans experienced short-lived victory. Sultan Abd al-HamidII accepted a constitution and elected parliament. Soon suspended reforms & reverted to the older style of despotic rule, even renewing the claim that he was the caliph, successor to the Prophet
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Feminist leader Kishida Toshiko, astonished the country in 1882, undertaking a 2-month-long speaking tour, addressing a huge audience. She argued: Only “quality and equal wights” would allow Japan “to build a new society”. Japan must rid itself of the ancient habit of “respecting men and despising women.”
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Forbade women from joining political parties or attending political meetings (Japan)
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introduced elected parliament, political parties, and democratic ideas, drawing on German experience. Parliament could advise, but ultimate power lay with the emperor and with an oligarchy of reformers acting in his name. Modern educational system laced with Confucian-based moral instruction. Christianity made little headway, but Shinto (ancient religion featuring ancestors & natural spirits) became the official state cult.
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A series of reforms in a too little too late attempt to modernize China
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Led by militia known as the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, these "boxers" killed numerous Europeans & Chinese Christians and laid siege to foreign embassies. Western powers & Japan occupied Beijing to crush the rebellion and imposed a huge payment on China. This event made it clear that China was a dependent, foreign-controlled country.
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This treaty, made between Europe and Japan, acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the World
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In China, the collapse of the imperial system in 1912 was followed by vast revolutionary upheaval, leading to a communist regime. This was initiated by the Chinese emperor abdicating his throne and its power.