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Salutary Neglect
long standing English policy of not enforcing parliamentary laws that were created in order to keep the colonies obedient to England. -
Thomas Hobbes
was an English philosopher and his book Leviathan created a foundation for most of western political philosophy and he also influenced history, geometry, theology, ethics, philosophy, and political science. -
Headright system
a grant of land to settlers in the colony by the Virginia Company and Plymouth Company and these were given to anyone would pay the costs of an indentured servant to come to the New World and land grants consisted of 50 acres. -
House of Burgesses
London Company granted Virgina the right to establish a local government in 1619 and it was model after the English Parliament. Gave the colonies a taste of independence. -
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Great Puritan Migration
migration of English people from England to the New World between the years of 1630 and 1640 because King James opposed the growing Puritan population of England. -
Harvard College
established in 1636 by vote of Massachusetts Bay Colony and is the oldest institution of higher learning in the US and it was created in order to train Puritan ministers. -
New England Confederation
a political and militaristic alliance of the New English colonies and was established in 1643. In order to establish an alliance of colonies against the Native Americans and serve as a place to settle colonial disputes. -
Halfway Covnenant
was created to give partial church membership in New England in 1662 because some ministers felt that the people of the colonies were drifting away from the original religious purpose. -
iroquois confederacy
in the 16th century they united, originally with 5 nations: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca which represented 50 sachems in the Grand Council. -
George Whitefield
was a minister of the Church of England and helped spread the Great Awakening in Europe and the colonies and his ministry had a big influence on American ideology. -
Great Awakening
period of rapid and dramatic religious revival in American religious history. Began in the 1730's. -
Johnathan Edwards
was a minister and missionary to Native Americans and he played an important role in the Great Awakening of oversaw revivals at his church in Massachusetts; he was president of Princeton. -
Phyllis Wheatly
the first American poet to be published, she was also the first African American woman and she helped create the genre of African American Literature and she was made an American slave at 7 but was taught to read and write. -
Albany Plan
proposed by Benjamin Franklin at the Albany Congress in 1754 and was one of the first attempts at achieving independence, during the French and Indian War. -
Salutary Neglect
a long standing English policy of not enforcing parliamentary laws that were created in order to keep the colonies obedient to England. -
Proclamation of 1763
British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. -
Pontiac's Rebellion
A 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area -
Paxton Boys
Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina. -
Sugar Act
An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. -
Quartering Act
Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. -
non-importation agreements
Agreements not to import goods from Great Britain. They were designed to put pressure on the British economy and force the repeal of unpopular parliamentary acts. -
Boston Massacre
arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob of people and killed five people. -
Gaspee Affair
The colonists thought that there was a conspiracy against them. Seizing their opportunity to destroy the hated vessel, a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans ordered the British crew ashore and then set fire to the ship. -
Tea Act
tax on tea; made the east india company the only tea company allowed to colonists; reason for Tea Party -
First/Second Continental Congress
First: Response to the Intolerable acts, agreed to an economic boycott of Great Britain, sent a petition to the king. Second: Met after the Revolutionary war had begun. Established the Continental Army, coordinated the war, issued the Declaration of Independence, and designed the Articles of Confederation. -
Loyalists/Tories
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence -
virtual representation
British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members -
Olive Branch Petition
colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies) -
Thomas Paine/Common Sense
wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution. -
Battle of Saratoga
Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. -
Articles of Confederation
Adopted by Congress in 1777, approval of all the 13 states required. Provided for a loose confederation. -
Treaty of Alliance 1778
defensive alliance between France and the United States of America, formed in the midst of the American Revolutionary War, which promised military support in case of attack by British forces indefinitely into the future. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The British formally recognized the independence of the US. They granted generous boundaries from the Mississippi to the Great Lakes to Florida. -
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Critical Period
The period of time following the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 to the inauguration of George Washington as President in 1789. -
Land Ordinance of 1785
acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. -
Annapolis Convention
An assembly in Maryland in 1786. 5 states were represented. It attempted to revise the Articles of Confederation. -
Shay's Rebellion
Back country farmers were loosing farms, and demanded paper money, lighter taxes, and to suspend property takeovers. -
Great Compromise
Large States got representation by population in House of Representatives. Small states got equal representation in the Senate. -
Haitian Rebellion
- Conflict between white colonists and free black slaves in Saint-Domingue.
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Cotton Gin/Eli Whitney
April 1793, Whitney designed and constructed a machine that automated the separation of cottonseed from the short-staple cotton fiber. -
Jays Treaty
A treaty between the US and Britain in 1794. Outraged the Jeffersonians. -
Whiskey Rebellion
South Western Pennsylvania 1794. Small; 3 rebels killed. But large; George Washington's government was strengthened, and commanded a new respect. -
Washington's Farewell Address
Washington wrote it, but never spoke it. It was printed in the newspapers in 1796 when he resigned. -
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Undeclared Naval War
An undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the United States and French Republic from 1798 to 1800. -
Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion
On August 30, 1800, Gabriel hoped to lead slaves into Richmond, but revolution was postponed because of rain. -
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Barbary Pirates
North African pirates who made a national industry of blackmailing and plundering merchant ships that ventured into the Mediterranean. -
Louisiana purchase
the French sold the territory of Louisiana in 1803 to the US for 15 million dollars. It doubled the size of the United States and gave them control of the Mississippi. -
Marbury Vs. Madison
Court case that established the principle of judicial review, which allowed the Supreme Court to determine if federal laws were constitutional. In this case, the Court struck down part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which the justices believed gave the Court power that exceeded the Constitution's intent. -
Lewis and Clark
Explored the Northern part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. 1 1/2 year long expedition lead to scientific observations, maps, Indian knowledge, and wilderness adventure stories. -
Orders in Council
In 1806 the London government issued these edicts. They closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port. -
embargo act of 1807
created by Thomas Jefferson it requested a banning on trade wit Europe to avoid American involvement in the Napoleonic Wars. -
Hartford Convention
26 representatives met in secrecy for three weeks. They demanded financial assistance from Washington and proposed an amendment requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress for embargo, new states, and war declarations.
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American Colonization Society
Founded in 1816. Supported the "return" of free African Americans to Africa. -
Gibbons Vs. Ogden
"Steamboat Case." Marshall said the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. -
Erie Canal
Completed in New York in 1825 due to a construction program from the American System. -
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second american party system
a period in American political history between 1828 and 1854 and saw rising levels in votes and the major parties were he Democratic led by Jackson and the Whigs led by Clay. -
spoils system/rotation in office
when there is a change in political parties and the governmental jobs are given to voters to reward them for their help in the victory. many of times this refers to the victory of jackson -
nullification
state invalidates it because they view it as unconstitutional. jackson created the ordinance of nullification in result of south carolina nullifying the tariff of 1828. -
john c. calhoun
vice president of the united states under adams and jackson, from south carolina who fought slavery, state's rights, and nullification. -
dorothea dix
an influential american reformer that worked for the mentally ill to help create mental asylums that helped work with the ill. -
bank war
a conflict over the bank of the US. andrew jackson wanted to demolish it and hated its influences over the economy and refused to recharter it. -
trail of tears
relocation of native americans from their home to oklahoma. it occurred president andrew jackson and many native americans died or suffered from disease and starvation. -
john slidell
an american politician in the 19th century who moved to Louisiana and was a strong influence on southern rights. -
webster-ashburton treaty
between the US and the Britain, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery. -
wilmot proviso
a seed of the civil war, it wanted to ban slavery in the territory of the mexican cession. it increased conflict over the issue if slavery. -
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mexican american war
war between the US and mexico that took place between 1846 and 1848. it was caused by the US annexation of texas and desire to purchase california. -
senca falls convention
an early american convention for women's rights held in senca fall, new york. the declaration of sentiments was written there. -
mexican cession
the region of the land the southwestern US that the US gained from mexico after the mexican american war. -
treaty of guadalupe-hidalgo
peace treaty between the US and mexico which ended the mexican american war, it gave the US the lands of the mexican cession. -
popular sovereignty
the people are the source of all the political power and that states are created with the will of the people. it was a key in the argument that people should vote on the issue of slavery. -
lucretia mott
Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. -
Compromise of 1850
compromise between the slave states and free states in extended the missouri compromise, divided texas, slavery was allowed in new mexico and utah and a stronger fugitive slave act. -
maine laws
the first legislative implements the emerged the temperance movement. it banned the sale and manufacturing of alcohol. -
hinton helper
lived in the south and was an anti-slavery supporter. he wrote the impending crisis of the south which showed slavery in fact hurt the southern economy. -
dred scott v. sanford
a supreme court case that people of african descent that were imported could hot become US citizens even if they were free. -
oregon territory
an area of land north of the mexican cession and extending into canada. it was incorporated into the US by 1859. -
nashville convention
meeting of representatives of nine southern states in the summer of 1850 to monitor the negotiations over the Compromise of 1850; it called for extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean and a stronger Fugitive Slave Law. The convention accepted the Compromise but laid the groundwork for a southern confederacy in 1860-1861. -
homestead act
it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. -
stephen douglas
a democrat from illinois who lost the presidency to republican abraham lincoln. he was called "the little gaint" because of his small stature but his gaint influence in politics. -
emancipation proclamation
issued by president abraham lincoln during the civil war, it stated that all slaves in confederate states that were in rebellion into 1863 would be freed. -
Black Codes
Southern laws designed to keep African-Americans from their inalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law. -
Freedmen's Bureau
Agency set up by Congress to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs. -
American Federation of Labor
founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, willing to let unskilled fend for themselves, small minority -
Tenure of Office Act
Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant to prevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. -
National Labor Union
established by William Sylvis - wanted an eight hour work days, banking reform, greenbackism, equal rights to all people, and an end to conviction labor. This group attempted to unite all labourers, but collapsed when Sylvis died, and was disbanded in 1872. -
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Long Drives
The herding of Cattle from Texas to Kansas or another Midwest railroad hub. These were eliminated by the building of fences and expansion of railroads. -
Granger Laws
Grangers state legislatures in 1874 passed law fixing maximum rates for freight shipments. The railroads responded by appealing to the Supreme Court to declare these laws unconstitutional, -
Battle of Little Bighorn
Also called Custer's Last Stand, Indian leaders Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated Custer's troops who tried to force them back on to the reservation, Custer and all of his men were killed. -
Munn v Illinois
The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. -
Molly McGuires
Secret organization of Irish coal miners that used violence to intimidate mine officials in the 1870s, leading to a lack of support. -
Henry George
It jolted readers to look more critically at the effects of laissez-faire economics. The book is called "Progress and Poverty" and proposes on putting a single tax on land as the solution to poverty. -
Salvation Army
This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality. -
Bread and Butter Unionism
Also known as "simple unionism," the bread and butter unionism focused primarily on workers receiving better pay, safer working conditions, and fewer hours. Ideas of this unionism are not as radical as industrial unions. Promoted by American Federation of Labor. -
Booker T. Washington
Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. -
Pendleton Civil Service Act
A reform law that replaced the patronage/spoils system in the federal bureaucracy with a merit-based professional system. "Important" leadership positions in bureaucracy (Secretaries, Commissioners, Directors) & federal judges still appointed by president. -
Haymarket Incident
Chicago police advanced on a meeting that had been called to protest supposed brutalities by authorities. Dynamite bomb thrown and dozens were killed. Knights of labor were blamed for this incident, and lost public support -
Dawes Act
dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American. Designed to promote individualism. -
Interstate Commerce Act
monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices. Challenged the philosophy of laissez faire. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
This act banned any formations that would restrict trade, not distinguishing between bad and good trusts. -
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
an act was passed so that the treasury would by 4.5 million ounces of silver monthly and pay those who mined it in notes that were redeemable in either gold or silver. -
Populist Party
Political party founded in 1891 by James B. Weaver, problem was overproduction, called for free coinage of silver and paper money, national income tax, direct election of senators, regulation of railroads, and other government reforms to help farmers. Failed to leave any direct impact, although its policies where adopted by other parties. -
Turner (Frontier) Thesis
It argued that the American character was shaped by the existence of the frontier and the way Americans interacted and developed the frontier. But as the Civil War ended and the Manifest destiny was complete, there was no longer any part of the continent that Americans can occupy in Turner's eyes; he felt the frontier encouraged democracy. -
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John Peter Altgeld
He was criticized for pardoning the anarchists who threw the bomb in the Haymarket Square Riot and for objecting to the use of federal troops in the Pullman strike. His action was considered dangerously radical by the American public. -
William Jennings Bryan
This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. -
Spanish-American War
A war between Spain and the U.S. in the Caribbean and the Philippines in 1898. American public opinion having been aroused by Spanish atrocities in Cuba and the destruction of the warship Maine in Santiago harbor, the U.S. declared war and successfully invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, all of which Spain gave up by the Treaty of Paris -
Jacob Riis
Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen -
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Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty
Buena Varilla compromised with Hay and T. Roosevelt to engineer a revolution in Panama against the Colombian government, therefore allowing the US to build a canal there 6: 1900-1918 -
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901 -
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Progressive movement
Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax -
Anthracite Coal Strike
United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor -
Russo-Japanese War
Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so. -
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force -
International Workers of the World
Also known as IWW or Wobblies - created in opposition to American Federation of Labor. Followed socialist ideas based off of Karl Marx; this group was persecuted during WWI due to their socialist tendencies and activism against the government -
Lochner vs. New York
Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict ordinary workers' hours (NY had a law giving bakers a 10hr day), Supreme Court ruled that states could not restrict ordinary workers' hours -
Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)
The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions. -
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Great White Fleet
Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement." -
Muller vs. Oregon
Louis Brandeis. Supreme Court accepted constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies. Progressives ironically hailed this. -
Mann-Elkin Act
gave the Interstate Comerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates, along with oversee telephone and cable companie; included communications -
Bull Moose Party
nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912 -
New Nationalism
Theodore Roosevelt's program in his campaign for the presidency in 1912, the New Nationalism called for a national approach to the country's affairs and a strong president to deal with them. It also called for efficiency in government and society; it urged protection of children, women, and workers; accepted "good" trusts; and exalted the expert and the executive. -
New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters. -
Federal Reserve System
The system created by Congress in 1913 to establish banking practices and regulate currency in circulation and the amount of credit available. It consists of 12 regional banks supervised by the Board of Governors. Often called simply the Fed. -
16th amendment
16th Amendment authorized Congress to levy an income tax. -
17th amendment
17th Amendment gave the power to elect senators to the people. Senators had previously been appointed by the legislatures of their states. -
Underwood-Simmons Tariff
lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. -
Federal Trade Commission
A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. -
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. -
Universal Negro Improvement Association
Association founded by Marcus Gravey in 1914 to foster African American economic independence and establish an independent black homeland in Africa. -
Zimmerman Note (Telegram)
From the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico. Offer to recover Texas and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the US. Got US into war. -
Fourteen Points
the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations -
NAACP
abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional. led by W.E.B. Debois -
Schenck vs U.S.
decision upholidng the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during WW1. justice holmes declared that gov't can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils. "sedition", Court ruled that anti-war pamphlets were not free speech and in fact violates Congress' right to maintain an army. -
League of Nations
an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed -
19th amendment
Established that no citizen can be denied the right to vote on account of sex. Granted women the ability to vote. -
Harlem Renaissance
black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes. -
Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan An organization of white supremacists that used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the United States. Expressed beliefs in respect for the American woman and things purely American [anti-immigrant]. -
Henry Ford
American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. -
Palmer Raids
operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities -
Washington Naval Conference
president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence. and for the 1st time in history, powerful nations agreed to disarm -
quota system
a system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year -
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Calvin Coolidge
Believed in the government supporting big business. restored honesty to government, and accelerated the tax cutting and antiregulation policies of his predecessor; his laissez-faire policies brought short-term prosperity from 1923 to 1929. -
Scopes trial
Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty by William Jennings Bryan debates -
Charles Lindberg
His flight energized and gave a strong boost to the new aviation industry. used a custom airplane "Spirit of St. Louis" to make the first solo, non-stop trans-Atlantic flight -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A treaty that attempted to outlaw war.The treaty was drafted by France and the United States, and on August 27, 1928, was signed by fifteen nations. By 1933 sixty-five nations had pledged to observe its provisions. -
Hoovervilles
camps built outside of major cities by people who had lost their homes during the great depression called Hoovervilles because the people blamed Pres. Hoover for their situation. -
Bonus March
Group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given economic relief from the government due to their involvement in the war. However, in 1932 the deadline for the veterans was pushed back by the government to a latter date thus causing the group to march onto Washington to demand their money. -
Stimson Doctrine
Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial or Open Door changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria -
18th amendment
Prohibition, banned making, selling, or importing liquor. The amendment was created to prevent poverty and stop violence resulting from drinking liquor. -
20th amendment
Fixes the dates of term commencements for Congress (January 3) and the President (January 20) to shorten the period between elction and inauguration; known as the "lame duck amendment" -
21th amendment
repealed Prohibition (Amendment 18), the
only amendment ever ratified by state conventions. States are now in charge of alcohol regulations Federal law requires the minimum drinking age must be 21 -
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cultural isolation
practice of excluding the United States from the affairs of the world. This was a precedent set by George Washington, who though that this was the best way to keep the nation out of trouble -
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Elijah Mohammad
director and leader of the Nation of Islam, Elijah taught black to take responsibility of their own lives and reject dependence on whites, similar to Garvey's teachings 7: -
Schechter vs U.S.
Supreme court decision declaring the NRA unconstitutional because it regulate companies not involved in interstate commerce
"Sick Chicken Case" -
Social Security Act
guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health -
Wagner Act
established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. -
War on Poverty
President LBJ's program in the 1960s to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly. -
Rachel Carson
US biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife. -
Stokely Carmichael
black civil rights activist in the 1960s who urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing "black power." -
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Stagflation
An economic situation in which inflation and economic stagnation occur simultaneously and remain unchecked for a significant period of time. Occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. -
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Kent State
university where in the 1960s and 1970s was known for student activism in opposition to US involvement in Vietnam. -
Bay of Pigs
unsuccessful attempted by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
In October 1962, the US and USSR came close to nuclear war when JFK insisted that Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had in Cuba. The USSR eventually did so, nuclear war was averted. -
George Wallace
Four time governor of Alabama. Most famous for his pro-segregation attitude and as a symbol for states' rights. -
Warren Commission
established by LBJ to investigate the assassination of JFK. Found that Oswald was a lone assassin but some questions were left unanswered. -
Economic Opportunity Act
Several social programs to promote the health, education and general welfare of the poor. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Extended voting rights and outlawed racial segregation in schools, workplaces, and facilities serving the general public. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
a federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters. -
Miranda v Arizona
Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. -
Vietnamization
President Nixon's strategy for ending US involvement in Vietnam, involving a gradual withdrawl of US troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. -
SALT I Treaty
a 5 year agreement between the US and the USSR, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles. -
War Powers Act
President can send US armed forces into action aboard only by authorization of Congress. -
Roe v Wade
US supreme court case that state that a woman's right to abortion is determined by her current trimester in pregnancy. -
Gerald Ford
The 38th president of the US and the first president to be solely elected by a vote from Congress. He entered the office in August of 1974 when Nixon resigned. -
Mayaguez Incident
Peace time military rescue operation conducted by US armed forces against Cambodia. -
Helsinki Accords
Political and human rights agreement signed by the Soviet Union and Western countries. It was an attempt to improve relations between the Communists and the West. -
Bakke v Board of Regents
US court case in which Bakke was denied to University of California Medical School twice to people less qualified based on race. Case determined that affirmative action is legal as long as filling quotas is not used. -
Jimmy Carter
39th president of the US, who stressed human rights. Because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. -
Washington Outsiders
A person who has never served in Congress or in government in Washington. -
Reagonomics
Reagan's economic beliefs that a captitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive. "Trickle Down Effect." -
Supply-side economics
economic philosophy that holds that sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government.