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Jane Addams
Found herself drawn to English settlement house- a kind of prototype for social work in which philanthropists embedded themselves among communities and offered services to disadvantaged populations. Founded Hull House in Chicago with Ellen Gate Starr in 1889 -
Sand Creek Massacre
700 members of the Colorado Territory militia embarked on an attack of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian villages. US had been engaged in conflict with several Indian tribes over territory. Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 had given Indians extensive territory, but the Pikes Peak gold rush has persuaded the US to renegotiate the terms of the treaty. Black Kettle, local chief, approached a US army fort seeking protection for his people- he was assured his people would not be disturbed. -
Establishment of Black Codes
Following the passing of the Thirteenth Amendemnt-Passed by southern states in an attempt to regulate black behavior and impose social and economic control- denied fundamental rights-white lawmakers forbade black men from serving on juries or in state militias-refused to recognize black testimony against white people- apprenticed orphaned children to their former masters-established severe vagrancy laws... all free men must carry papers proving they have a means of employment -
National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
Led by Oliver H Kelly- Aimed to bring farmers together- during the late 1860s and 1870s, farmers faced numerous problems had concerts, picnics, lectures, etc to help bring comradery- began to open up warehouses and stores to sell their own goods- by the 1880s, the farmers alliance emerged which held similar goals to the grange -
The Enforcement Acts
Passed by the federal government in reaction to severe racial violence occurring- made it a crime to deprive African Americans of their civil rights- Acts deemed violent klan behavior as acts of rebellion against the US and allowed for the use of US troops to protect freed people- federal government sought to put an end to the KKK and related groups -
Whiskey Ring
A tax was placed on whiskey, and the producers did not want to pay the tax so they decided to bribe the IRS in an attempt to keep the excise tax revenue from alcohol. The unpaid tax money was divided among the whiskey makers, and some funds were used to finance Republican campaigns, including that of President Grant. -
Compromise of 1877
Following the election of 1876- Republican candidate Rutherford B Hayes focused on fighting corruption, alcohol abuse, and promoting economic recovery- Democratic candidate Samuel J Tilden ran on honest politics and home rule in the south- Democrats conceded the presidency to Hayes on the condition that all remaining troops would be removed from the south and the south would receive special economic favors- Hayes was inaugurated and the compromise allowed southern democrats to return to power -
Little Big Horn
The sioux were given a reservation in South Dakota- General Custer went into the land and announced he had found gold- many invaded the area, but were met by resistance from the Sioux and neighboring Arapaho and Cheyenne- Custer's 250 men were met by 2,500 warriors- Native American forces led by Chiefs Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull defeated the US army troops of Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer -
Panic of 1873
Global depression- 6 year economic downturn- Money printed during the war led to an increase in production due to people assuming the high availability of funds would last- Jay Cookie Company failed (handled most of the government war time loans)- America passed the coinage act of 1873 to end bimetallism and create a sole gold standard- less currency was available which hurt the average- NY Stock Exchange closed for 10 days- many American businesses went bankrupt -
Great Railroad Strike
The country's first major rail strike and the first general strike in the nation's history- Pennsylvania Railroad cut wages by 10 percent and then, in June, by another 10 percent- other railroads followed suit- Baltimore and Ohio cut wages of all employees making more than a dollar a day by 10 percent- slashed the workweek to just two or three days- disgruntled workers walked off the job and blockaded freight trains- 14,000 rioters took to the streets- fires raced through the city- over 100 died -
Dawes Severalty Act
Allowed federal government to break up reservations into smaller areas for specific individuals- goal was to break up the tribes. Allotment Act of 1893- allotted a share of common property to members of the Five Civilized Tribes in exchange for abolishing the tribal governments and recognizing state and Federal laws- Severalty Act helped reduce the tribes' ability to live in their traditional ways- ended communal ownership of land and parceled it up into pieces to be owned by individual Natives -
Urbanization Period from end of 1800s to early 1900s
At the end of the 1800s and the start of the 1900s, America experienced a period of urbanization. Immigration levels increased as many wrote home to family members to encourage then to come to America- chain migration. Many immigrants were brought over as contracted workers to help get America as advanced as possible with factories and technology. The majority of Americans lived in urban cities -
Maine battleship to Cuba
US sent battleship Maine to Cuba in 1898- Aimed to protect and evacuate Americans if danger occurred while also giving voice to popular distaste for Spain's reconcentration policies- Blew up due to malfunction and yellow journalism was used to put blame on Spain- Negotiations failed to produce mutually agreeable settlement, Congress declared war on April 25 -
Teller Amendement
US has NO intentions of taking political control of Cuba- After war, Cubans govern themselves- US promised not to annex Cuba, and would leave control of the island to its people- US would help Cuba gain independence and then withdraw all its troops from the country -
Carrie A. Nation
Believed she worked God' will- described herself as a bulldog running along at the feet of Jesus, barking at what He doesn't like- won headlines for destroying saloons- Wichita, Kansas, took a hatchet and broke bottles and bars at the Carey Hotel- arrested, charged, and put in jail for a month- continued her assaults -
Foraker Act
Following the Spanish-American War, US gained control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines- Foracker Act established a government in Puerto Rico- Governor appointed by the President of America- Established 3 branches and bicameral legislature- Connected the economies of the two area -
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Caught fire- doors of the factory has been chained shut to prevent employees from taking unauthorized breaks- rickety fire ladder collapsed- women jumped from the ten-story building- event convinced Americans the need for reform- transition from Gilded Age to Progressive Era -
John Muir vs. Gifford Pinchot
Distinct positions on the value of the valley and on the purpose of public land- debate over Hetch Hetchy being made in to a dam
John Muir- preservation,advocated setting aside pristine lands for their aesthetic and spiritual value
Gifford Pinchot- Conservation, emphasized the efficient use of available resources through planning and control and the prevention of waste
Hetchy Hetch conservation won- Congress approved the project-dam was built -
Ku Klux Klan Reemerges
isolationist beliefs led to the ideology of Americanism- targeted non white Protestant Americans, including African Americans, Catholics, Jewish, Mexicans, and New immigrants- great migration and culture clash of African Americans, immigrants, and whites after the war sparked segregationist beliefs- membership exceeded over 4 million at its peak in the 1920s -
America enters WWI
Wilson refused to go to war until America was directly threatened- Germany announced it would sink any ships, even Americans that entered into war zones- Zimmerman telegram, intercepted by the British, Germany attempted to get Mexico on its side with promises of land returned from the Mexican-American War- Wilson made it clear that America was in war not to benefit, but to establish international order -
Sedition and Espionage Acts
Espionage Act passed in 1917- postal authorities could ban treasonable or seditious materials from the mail, punished anyone involved in these activities, anyone found intervening in the war efforts could be punished for up to 20 yrs in jail and a 10,000 fine- Sedition Act passed in 1918, cannot use harmful or disloyal language towards government, constitution, or military- supreme court ruled that at times keeping public order overrules first amendment -
Women's Suffrage Amendment
President Woodrow Wilson declared his support for the women's suffrage amendment, and two years later it became a reality- After ratification of the 19th amendment, women from all walks of life mobilized to vote- driven by the promise of change- anxieties about the future still existed -
Scopes Trial
John Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution, as it was against the law- illegal to teach anything that contradicted the biblical story of creation- found guilty, however it successfully brought the topic into discussion -
Nanjing Massacre
an episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of the Republic of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War- -
Pearl Harbor
a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Territory- led to the United States' formal entry into WWII- lasted under 2 hours- over 2,000 killed and 1,000 wounded- destroyed 19 ships and 8 battle ships -
Bataan Death March
America and allied troops surrendered to Japanese in the Philippines- Marchers were beaten or bayoneted if too slow- 75,000 prisoners of war marched 70 miles in harsh conditions and
nearly 7,000 died- 1,000’s more died at the camps- Japanese general killed after being found guilty of war crimes after
the war -
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively- President Truman authorized the use of the atom bombs in an effort to bring about Japan's surrender in the Second World War
