AP TIMELINE timeline.

Before the arrival of Europeans, native population in North America developed in a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the flow of goods between the Americans, Europe and Africa that followed Columbus's widely advertised "discovery " of the New World. People, animals, plants and disease passed from continent to continent affecting virtually all aspects of the environment in all three.

was agreed upon by the Spanish and the Portuguese to clear up confusion on newly claimed land in the New World. In order make trade more efficient, Portugal attempted to find a direct water route to the India and China. By using a direct water route, Arab merchants, were not able to make a profit off of the European trade merchants.

Under the encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact "tribute" in the form of gold or labor. The encomienderos were supposed to protect and christianized the Indians granted to them, but they most often use the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands.

With tobacco, English settlers finally found a new world commodity that worked well in the Mercantile system. Spanish explorers already had great success with gold and silver finds and the French created a vibrant market for fur in Europe.

When John White, appointed by Sir Walter Raleigh as governor of Roanoke Colony, returned to England for more supplies in late 1587, he left behind his wife, his daughter and his infant granddaughter, the first child born to English parents. Upon White’s return he found no trace of his family or the other inhabitants of the abandoned colony. Over the centuries to come, archaeologists, and historians would delve into the mystery of the “Lost Colony” of Roanoke.

population growth, unemployment, thirst for profit, and joint stock companies in Britain inspired the Virginia Company to receive a charter and settle in the New World.
People: Captain John Smith, King James 1
Effects: many settlers died due to hunger and disease. Captain John Smith helped secure shaky relations with Pocahontas but this Corporation would not last. Tobacco soon became a major commodity for trade in Virginia.

King Louis XIV took interest in overseas colonies after years of war and tormoil. Plus, he wanted to find money and power in the New World.
People: Samuel de Champlain, Huron Indian tribes
Effects: Champlain and the colonists entered into friendly relations with Hurons in order to gain profit from the fur trade. This alliance later proved fateful to the Hurons after the French and Indian War.

Causes: Lord De La Warr became new governor of VA and started a war between Virginians and Powhatan Indians over land. Powhatans were angry over the spread of disease and the seizures of their land.
People: Lord De La Warr, Powhatan, John Rolfe, Pocahontas Effects: The 2nd war ended in 1644 and stopped any hope of assimilating or living peacefully with the Powhatan Confederacy, whose numbers were drastically reduced. The wars showed English policy towards Native Americans - cooperation to war

Virginia's growing plantation-based economy required labor, and since Native Americans were dying out and indentured servants only served for a short time, Virginians turned to African slaves to provide plantation work.
People: Virginian tobacco growers, African slaves Effects: Virginia began to rely on slaves to keep their economy successful. Millions of slaves would be sent out to the Americas to work on plantations against their own will for centuries.

Williams was banished from the Bay Colony due to his controversial opinions, such as separation of church and state. He fled to Rhode Island and set up a colony there.
People: Roger Williams, other outcasts from Massachusetts
Effects: Williams established complete freedom of religion, separation of church and state, and simple manhood suffrage. His very liberal ideas inspired William Penn to set up Pennsylvania and would foreshadow America's future religious tolerance and equal rights.

The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes.

The Beaver Wars, also known as the Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars, encompass a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th and 18th centuries in eastern North America.

The French (allied with the Huron) and the English (allied with their colonists and the Iroquois) fought over land and power.
People: George Washington, William Pitt Huron Indians, Iroquois, French, English
Effects: The defeat of the French virtually wiped out the Huron Indians and gave England more land in America. Debt-stricked England ended salutary neglect and began enforcing Navigation Laws, the Proclamation Line, and taxes on the colonists, who began having revolutionary thoughts.

End of Civil War ,when General Robert E. Lee surrendered the Army of Northern Virginia at the McLean House in the village of Appomattox Court House.

Transcontinental Railroad completed,A train route across the United States, finished in 1869. It was the project of two railroad companies: the Union Pacific built from the east, and the Central Pacific built from the west.

Battle of Little Bighorn ,fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors.

Great Railroad strike ,sometimes referred to as the Great Upheaval, began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut wages for the third time in a year.

Chinese Exclusion Act, was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers.

Hull house opens ,was a settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr.

wounded knee,The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred on December 29, 1890, near Wounded Knee Creek on the Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

U.S. acquires Hawaii, Dole declared Hawaii an independent republic. Spurred by the nationalism aroused by the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 at the urging of President William McKinley.

the Maine sinks,A slogan of the Spanish-American War. The United States battleship Maine mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, in 1898.

TR becomes president, The rising young Republican politician Theodore Roosevelt unexpectedly became the 26th president of the United States in September 1901, after the assassination of William McKinley

The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by the American journalist and novelist Upton Sinclair.

Taft elected, A political leader of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. ... In foreign policy, Taft advocated dollar diplomacy. He came in third in the election of 1912, running as a Republican, behind Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.

“bull moose" TR, The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft.

Wilson's Inaugurated,The first inauguration of Woodrow Wilson as the 28th President of the United States was held on Tuesday, March 4, 1913, at the east portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C..

U.S. declares neutrality, President Woodrow Wilson declared that the United States would remain “impartial in thought as well as in action.

Lusitania sinks, occurred on Friday, 7 May 1915 during the First World War, as Germany waged submarine warfare against the United Kingdom which had implemented a naval blockade of Germany.

sussex pledge, was a promise made by Germany to the United States in 1916, during World War I before the latter entered the war.

Zimmerman note, communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the prior event of the United States entering World War I against Germany.

truce declared, an agreement between enemies or opponents to stop fighting or arguing for a certain.

United States anarchist bombings. June 4 – Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification .

Versailles Treaty, was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.

Teapot Dome Scandal, a government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921; became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration.

National Origins Act, A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians.

League of Nations, was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War.

Charles Lindbergh, The Lone Eagle, and Slim was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist

Great Depression, a long and severe recession in an economy or market.

Dust Bowl, an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded, especially as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice.

The Great Depression ended !

US entry to WWII, Although the war began with Nazi Germany's attack on Poland in September 1939, the United States did not enter the war until after the Japanese bombed the American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.

WWII ends

Indochina War begins, Fighting between French forces and their Viet Minh opponents in the south dated from September 1945.

Korean War begins, war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border.

Korean War ends

Castro takes over Cuba, The Cuban communist revolutionary and politician Fidel Castro took part in the Cuban Revolution from 1953 to 1959. Following on from his early life, Castro decided to fight for the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista's military junta by founding a paramilitary organisation, "The Movement".

Kennedy assassinated, was assassinated on Friday, November 22, 1963, at 12:30 p.m. in Dallas, Texas while riding in a presidential motorcade in Dealey Plaza.

SALT 1 adopted, The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control.

moon landing, was an American test pilot and astronaut, who was the commander of the Apollo 11 moon landing mission on July 20, 1969, in which he and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to land on the moon, and he was the first man to walk on the moon.

Kent state massacre, The Kent State shootings were the shootings on May 4, 1970 of unarmed college students by members of the Ohio National Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio during a mass protest against the bombing of Cambodia by United States military forces. Twenty-eight guardsmen fired approximately 67 rounds over a period of 13 seconds, killing four students and wounding nine others, one of whom suffered permanent paralysis.

Nixon visited China, U.S. President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States and China.

watergate hearings, An incident in the presidency of Richard Nixon that led to his resignation. In June 1972, burglars in the pay of Nixon's campaign committee broke into offices of the Democratic party.

Camp David Accords, a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt issuing from talks at Camp David between Egyptian President Sadat, Israeli Prime Minister Begin, and the host, U.S. President Carter: signed in 1979.

SALT 2 adopted, SALT II, were signed by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1972 and 1979, respectively, and were intended to restrain the arms race in strategic (long-range or intercontinental) ballistic missiles armed with nuclear weapons.

Tax Reform Act, A law passed by the United States Congress to simplify the income tax code. The Tax Reform Act of 1986, commonly referred to as the second of two Reagan tax cuts, lowered the top tax rate from 50% to 28% and raised the bottom tax rate from 11% to 15%.

The Persian Gulf War began, A war between the forces of the United Nations, led by the United States, and those of Iraq that followed Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein 's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. The United Nations forces, called the Coalition, expelled Iraqi troops from Kuwait in March 1991.

Los Angeles Riots, Los Angeles riots, also known as the Rodney King riots, the South Central riots, the 1992 Los Angeles civil disturbance, the 1992 Los Angeles civil unrest, the 1992 Los Angeles Uprising, and the Battle of Los Angeles, were a series of riots, lootings, arsons, and civil disturbances that occurred in Los Angeles

September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

U.S invaded Iraq, The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signalled the start of the Iraq War, which the United States dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom.

The Great Recession began, The Great Recession was a period of general economic decline observed in world markets during the late 2000s and early 2010s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country.

Barack Obama was elected president, Obama won the presidency with 365 electoral votes to 173 received by McCain. Obama won 52.9% of the popular vote to McCain's 45.7%. He became the first African American to be elected president.