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The Black Death kills off more than one third of the European population, causing the working class to demand more from the higher class and greatly influencing the Catholic Church.
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The Renaissance was both a period of recovery and development for Europe after the middle ages, intellectuals and artists brought forth new ideas and raised questions on the value of the individual.
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The end of the Great Schism brings peace to the Catholic Church, however faith is decreased.
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The age of exploration was the time span in which european explorers sought out new lands, trade and settlements in which to prosper from.
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The fall of Constanttinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire while it is also the start of the Ottoman Empire. the end of the hundred years war ends any British rule in France.
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The invention of the printing press allows books to be made quickly while the cost of books fall. Books are also becoming more and more widespread during this time.
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The discovery of the Americas leads to European colonization, the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula marks the end of muslim influence.
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During the sixteenth century Martin Luther established the two pillars of the Protestant Revolution, justification by faith alone and the Bible as the sole authority in religious affairs. His doing so caused a chain reaction causing Catholicism to reform and new sects to break from Protestantism.
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Revolutions during the sixteenth century changed the thoughts and viewpoints of europeans mirroring that of modern day.
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The price revolution was a inflation period caused by the sudden increase in gold and silver caused by mining in the new world.
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Martin Luther posts his 95 theses which in doing so starts the Protestant Reformation.
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Cortez conquers the Aztec empire with the help of neighboring city states and the smallpox disease.
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The Religious wars of the sixteenth and seventeenth cenuries were a series of wars spurred by the reformation and included the Peasants war and The French wars of Religion.
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King Henry VIII ends Catholic power in England and creates the Anglican church in order to divorce his wife.
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John Calvin creates calvinism which adds on to the protestant reformation Luther created.
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Copernicus publishes "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" which explains that the planets rotate the sun rather than the sun and planets rotate around the Earth.
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The Scientific Revolution was a major turning point in the development in Western civilization, new ideas, developments, discoveries, and thoughts emerged thataffect even the modern world today.
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The Council of trent met as the center of the counter reformation during the Protestant Reformation.
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The dutch establish and maintain the first commercial empire overseas over the sixteenth century.
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During the age of crisis Europe saw many changes in social, economic and political matters, such as the price revolution and religious wars.
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The Peace of Augsburg acknowledges Lutheranism as an equal religion in Germany.
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Charles V abdicates the throne of the Holy Roman Empire resigning the sovereignty of both the Netherlands and Spain.
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The Witchcraft Scare was an increase in the number of trials, cases, and executions of "witches" in Europe.
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The English defeat the "Invincible" Spanish Armada making England a world class power and introducing effective long range weaponry into naval warfare.
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The edict of Nantes granted a large measure of religious liberty to the Huguenots, it also restored Catholocism in France and made any other protestant practice illegal.
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Baroque art emerged during the sixteenth century and featured dramatic scenes that aroused emotions and spiritual feelings.
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The commercial revolution was a period of European economic expansion, and saw new advances in financial practices.
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The Dutch East India Company is the first multinational company and makes the Netherlands the financial capital of the world.
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The stuart monarchy reigned from 1603 to 1714 beginning with King James I. It led to a bloody civil war and the rise of Oliver Cromwell.
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In the seventeenth century figures like Oliver Cromwell and Charles the first didn't cooperate with parliament and eventually stirred up civil unrest and civil war.
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Period of time in which Louis XIV reigns as king of France, during this time he greatly expands France's power and constructs the Palace of Versailles ( which also puts France in debt).
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The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years war in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eight Years' War between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
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Charles I was executed in England fo treason and ends the ideas of a divine absolute monarch.
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During this time the monarchy had absolute control over their land and did as thay pleased without confrontation.
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Between 1650 and 1763 3 wars were fought between England and the Netherlands, England defeated the Netherlands making its navy the most powerful in Europe and removing the Netherlands from its status as a world power.
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During the 17th and 18th centuries Prussia rose in power due to their military performance in wars such as the seven years war.
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The Principia definined the basic concepts of mechanics, it introduced Newtons three laws of motion and the uniersal law of gravitation.
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The Glorious Revolution resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband William III.
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Due to the succesful performances of Peter the Great, Ivan the Great and others Russia rose in power and became one of the most powerful countries at the time.
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The Bank of England was founded in 1694 to act as the banker and debt-manager of England.
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After Peter's brother Ivan died Peter inherited the Russian nation ruling for the first time alone, having ruled Russia jointly with his brother before he died.
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As the middle class grew and became more and more educated with the effects of the enlightenment, the middle class desired more power in their government.
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The Agricultural Revolution introduced new inventions like the horse pulled hoe and the seed drill which increased the amount of food made with fewer workers.
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The Enlightenment was a time of change in Europe, the ideas of the Scientific Revolution were popularized and the ideas of philosophes impacted the lives of individuals all across Europe.
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The Peace of Utretcht was a series of treaties between France and other powers in England as well as Spain and other powers in England, these treaties put an end to the War of the Spanish Succession.
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On August 10, 1715 king Louis XIV was afflicted with gangrene, despite his pain he continued with his duties and won the admiration of all. However on August 29 he went into a semi-coma and died September 1.
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By the 1730s a new style known as art sprung up in Europe, this style known as Rococo emphasized grace and gentle actions rather than the power and majesty of Baroque.
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The War of the Austrian Succession involved most of the powers of Europe over the question of Maria Theresa's succession to the realms of the House of Habsburg.
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A period pf time when new manufacturing processes were introduced such as the assembly line to improve production and efficiency. Introduced steam power.
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With the Treaty of Paris signed all French and British involvement in the war has ended.
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In Lexington, Massachusetts a group of 700 British troops marched to to capture Patriot leaders and seize a Patriot arsenal, there they found minutemen waiting and a shot from an undetermined gun fired marking the beginning of the revolution.
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On March 9, 1776, Adam Smith publishes, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations". His goal was to uphend the mercantalist system.
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The French Revolution begins with the storming of Bastile and leads to a new French constitution being ractified in 1795 and Napolean to become emperor in 1804.
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The age of revolutions was a period of time where numerous revolutions took place in Europe and the Americas. These revolutions included the American, French, Haitian, and the indepence movements of the South American states.
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A movement in both Europe and the Americas where absolute monarchies changed to constitutional states.
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In the time period of the 18th and 20th centuries a series of rallies and protests began in hopes to restore equal rights for women and men in social, economic, and political fields.
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Mary Wollenstonecraft published "A VIndification of the Rights of Woman" in 1792 stating that intellect will always govern and sought to persuade women to acquire strength.
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After rising in the ranks of the French military during the French Revolution, Napoleon gained political power in a coup d'état and crowned himself emperor in 1804.
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Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that revolted against the aristocratic, social, and political norms of the Age of the Enlightenment.
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The Congress of Vienna formed to prevent imperialism and keep peace between the European states as well as to restore boundaries and resive the main powers.
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Napoleon abdicates and resigns the throne.
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Belgium and Greece gain their independance.
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Period of time when the working and lower classes revolt for individual rights and a voice in government due to war and the absolute monarchies.
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The unification of Italy into a nation-state occured in 1848 after centuries of Italy living as a fragmented state.
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On February 21, 1848, The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, was published in London and by 1950 nearly half the worlds population was run by Maxist governments.
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The revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals affecting numerous countries with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and creating new independant nation states.
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Period where small and fractured countries united to create larger and more powerful states.
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The ideas of Realism and Materialism rise with the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, causing people to be more secular and be more attached to material objects.
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European countries such as England, France, Germany, Russia, and the Netherlands sought out territory to gain power.
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During this time span modern ideas and science rose that are still thought of today such as the theory of relativity and the theory of the atom.
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The society which ours grew out of arises out of the effects of the second industrial revolution and the discovery of new sciences.
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The Second Industrial Revolution continuedon from the first when it began diffusing to North America and Western Europe, it was characterized by the wide use of iron and the beginning of electricity and electrical communications.
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The Great Exhibition was the first international exhibition of manufactured products and was very influential in the development of many aspects of society such as art and design.
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In 1858, the British Empire established their rule over India gaining trade and labor.
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On the Origin of Species is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. It notes ideas of natural selection, evolution, and common descendants.
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Alexander II publishes his Emancipation Manifesto which quickly turns into law freeing all Russian serfs. This act furthers Russia socially, economically and politically.
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The Third Republic was the French government from 1870 to 1940 after the fall of the Second Empire and the suppression of the paris commune.
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During this time artists experimented with new ideas and materials to create new abstract art in opposition to the realism of past artists.
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The formal unification of Germany into a nation state in 1871, led to the emergence of another huge power in Europe and ends Austrian dominance in Germany.
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During The Berlin Conferance the colonial powers superimposed domains on the African continent causing political fragmentation.
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Sigmund Freud publishes his book The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900, which stresses the importance of dreams and the double level of dreams.
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In 1905, Einstein wrote 5 articles and had them published in the Annals of Physics. In one of these papers he detailed his Special Theory of Relativity, which stated that the speed of light is constant anf that space and time are not absolutes.
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What was intended as a peaceful protest for the working class turned into revolution as protestors in St Petersburg were confronted by troops who shot at the crowd. News spread quickly and soon strikes took place, and on October 30th, the October Manifesto was issued.
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After the wars, Europe strived for peace the US and USSR then become world superpowers. Nuclear weapons are prohibited and the Cold war ensumes.
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World War I began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria which set off a diplomatic crisisand within weeks the major powers were att war.
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The Bolshevik Revolution overthrew the Russian imperial government and created the Soviet Union and established Communism as its form of government.
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With Germany having surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations having agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated, the Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations, formally ending WWI.
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During this time countries such as the Soviet Union and Italy turned into totalitarian governments wielding absolute power and controlling the people.
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With Mussolini having founded the Fascist movement he allies with Nazi Germany becoming a powerful countries and a key state to defeat in WW2.
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The Great Depression was the longest lasting economic downturn in the history of the western world. In the US it began with the stock market crash of October 1929 and wiped out millions of investors leading to declines in industry and rising levels of unemployment.
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Hitlr gains power by rousing anger and bitterness from the Treaty of Versailles and Great Depression, he gains Nazi support and becomes dictator.
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The Munich Conferance allowed Germany to annex certain parts of Czechoslovakia only to find out Adolph Hitler's true plans for Europe later on.
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After the german invasion of Poland, WWII began in September 1939 when France and Britain declared war on Germany.
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With the death and destruction resulting from WWII the UN is formed in order to prevent another World War.
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The US and USSR compete to spread their ideologies.Each nation strived to beat the other in culture, military power, nuclear power, and in the space race. The Cold War was the closest the world has gotten to armagedden.
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The countries of Europe work for peace for the first time in history in order to prevent another world war.
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With the end of WWII the European nations are weakened and we see the colonial empire end. The US and Soviet Russia come out as the two world superpowers.
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In 1949 the prospect of further Communist expansion prompted the US and 11 other western nations to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
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The ECSC was created as a way for the european countries to recover from WWII financially.
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With the death of Stalin the Soviet Union goes through de-stalinization to undo all Stalin did.
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The Hungarian revolution was a failed series of revolts that contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union.
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Khrushchev's de-Stalinization speech was the center of the de-Stalinization campaign intended to destroy the image of the dictaor and to revert the Soviet Union to a Leninist model.
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Sputnik was the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and marked the beginning of the space age and the US-USSR space race.
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The Treaty of Rome focused on economic co-operation and founded the EEC which later became the EU.
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The Fifth Republic system of government was put into effect in 1958. Its constitution was crafted by Charles de Gaulle who became the first president of France under the Fifth Republic.
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The Berlin wall was built to stop travel between West and East Germany as many people fled for the better life the West had to offer.
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Unlike previous councils the Second Vatican council renewed Catholic doctrines to fit the modern time and perspective.
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In October 1962 an American spy plane photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on Cuba. After a naval blockade was established around Cuba both the US and Soviet UNion agreed to dismantle both of their weapon sites.
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The Czechoslovak Communist Party set about liberalizing Czechoslovak life, a movement known as Prague spring. However it was ended by the Warsaw Pact.
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In France protests organized by students in favor of education reforms rose due to the scarcity of jobs for university graduates.
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The Helsinki accords aimed to ease tensions between the East and West, although it was nonbinding it played a part in ending the Cold War.
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John Paul II changed hope the pope was viewed by making the pope a celebrity and reformed the church by embracing and not denouncing other religions.
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Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister in 1979 and became the first woman to lead a major political party by becoming Leader of the Opposition.
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The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan leads to a decade long war resulting in a loss of money for the Soviet Union which leads to its collapse.
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Solidarity became the first independent labour union in a country belonging to the Soviet. It also started the chain reaction leading up to the collapse of the USSR.
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Gorbachev reforms the Soviet Union by reforming the economy and liberalizing the Soviet Union. He ends the cold war but this leads to the end of the USSR.
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The fall of the Berlin Wall marks the end of the Cold War and communism.
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Leads to conflict between neighboring ethnic groups and the breakup of Yugoslavia.
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The breakup of the Soviet Union allows for every nation to regain soverignty and freedom.
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The EU creates one of the largest markets in the global economy and unifies Europe, allowing ease of travel between countries.
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The Euro became the universal european currency, making commerce much easier.
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The terrorist attacks of 9/11 leads to world wide involvement in the Middle East.
