AP ART

Paleolithic: “Old Stone Age”

40,000 BCE

40,000-8,000 BCE in the Near East
40,000-4,000 BCE in Europe
Hunter-gatherers
Nomadic peoples
Small, portable sculptures
Cave paintings (images superimposed)

Global Pre

25,500 BCE

Apollo 11 Stones
Namibia
c. 25,500 - 25,300 B.C.E.
Charcoal on stone

Global Pre

15,000 BCE

The Great Hall of the Bulls Cave Paintings
Lascaux, France. 15,000-13,000 B.C.E. Rock painting

Global Pre

14,000 BCE

Camelid sacrum
Tequixquiac, Mexico, 14,000–7000 B.C.E., Bone

Neolithic: “New Stone Age”

8000 BCE

Neolithic: “New Stone Age”
8,000- 3,000 BCE in the Near East
4,000- 2,000 BCE in Europe
Humans begin to settle
Domesticate animals
Beginnings of agriculture

Global Pre

6000 BCE

Running Horned Woman
Tassili n’Ajjer, Algeria
6000 - 4000 B.C.E
Pigment on rock

Global Pre

4200 BCE

Beaker with ibex motif
Susa, Iran
4200--3500 B.C.E.
Painted terra-cotta

Global Pre

4000 BCE

Anthropomorphic stele
Arabian Peninsula
4th millennium B.C.E
Sandstone
Stele - upright stone or slab
Low relief or bas relief - design projects slightly from the surface

Sumerian Art

3500 BCE

Sumerians rule from 3500 - 2340 B.C.E.
Made up of independent city-states
Cuneiform - earliest form of writing developed by 3000 B.C.E.
Epic of Gilgamesh - early Sumerian poem
Architecture generally consists of mud-brick

Ancient Near Eastern

3500 BCE

White Temple and its ziggurat
Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq)
Sumerian
c.3500-3000 B.C.E.
Mud brick

Global Pre

3300 BCE

Jade Cong
Liangzhu, China, 3300-2200 B.C.E., Carved jade

Ancient Egypt

3000 BCE

Palette of Narmer
Predynastic Egypt
c.3000-2920 B.C.E.
Greywacke
Function
Palette used for preparing eye makeup
Symbolic function
Ceremonial

Ancient Egypt Stylistic Characteristics

3000 BCE

Canon of proportions 18/19 grid system or 1:8
Frontality (twisted perspective)
Registers (horizontal panels)
Kohl on eyes
Kilt like skirt
Rigidity - no leg separation
Hierarchy of scale
Architecture
Amarna Period
Elongated bodies
Curvilinear lines
Large bellies
Skinny nose, neck, arms

Egyptian Art Periods

2900 BCE

Predynastic Up to C. 2900 B.C.E.
Early Dynastic (Archaic) C. 3100-2686 B.C.E.
Old Kingdom C. 2600-2100 B.C.E. (pyramids!)
Middle Kingdom C. 2000-1700 B.C.E.
New Kingdom C. 1550-1050 B.C.E. (temples!)
The Amarna Period C. 1358-1320 B.C.E.

Ancient Near Eastern

2700 BCE

Statues of votive figures
From the Square Temple at Eshnunna (modern Tell Asmar, Iraq)
Sumerian
c.2700 B.C.E.
Gypsum inlaid with shell and black limestone

Ancient Egypt

2620 BCE

Seated scribe
Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty
c.2620-2500 B.C.E.
Painted limestone

Ancient Near Eastern

2600 BCE

Standard of Ur from the Royal Tombs at Ur
Modern Tell el-Muqayyar, Iraq
Sumerian
c.2600-2400 B.C.E.
Wood inlaid with shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone
peace and war sides

Ancient Egypt

2550 BCE

Great Pyramids and the Great Sphinx
Giza, Egypt
Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty
c.2550-2490 B.C.E.
Cut limestone
Menkaura
Khafre
Khufu

Global Pre

2500 BCE

Stonehenge
Wiltshire, UK
Neolithic Europe
c.2500-1600 B.C.E
Sandstone
Tongue and groove
Mortise and tenon (hole)
Post and Lintel

Ancient Egypt

2490 BCE

King Menkaura and queen
Old Kingdom, Fourth Dynasty
c.2490-2472 B.C.E.
Greywacke

Ancient Near Eastern

1792 BCE

The Code of Hammurabi
Babylon (Modern Iran)
Susian
c.1792-1750 B.C.E.
Basalt

Global Pre

1500 BCE

Ambum Stone
Enga Province, Papua New Guinea
1500 B.C.E
Greywacke

Ancient Egypt

1473 BCE

Kneeling sculpture of Hatshepsut
Red granite
New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Near Luxor, Egypt
c.1473-1458 B.C.E.
Sandstone, partially covered into a rock cliff, and red granite

Ancient Egypt

1473 BCE

Mortuary temple of Hatshepsut
And kneeling sculpture
New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
Near Luxor, Egypt
c.1473-1458 B.C.E.
Sandstone, partially covered into a rock cliff, and red granite
Temple to a PHARAOH
Temple aligned with the winter solstice
Mortuary temples:
Provided rulers a place for worshipping their patron gods in their lifetime (Amun - claimed as her father)
After death, priests would perform rituals/give offerings to their ka
Architect: Senenmut

Ancient Egypt

1353 BCE

Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters
New Kingdom (Amarna), 18th Dynasty
c.1353-1335 B.C.E.
Limestone

Ancient Egypt

1323 BCE

Tutankhamun’s tomb, innermost coffin
New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty
c.1323 B.C.E.
Gold with inlay of enamel and semiprecious stones
Tutankhamun moved the capital back to Thebes after the Amarna Period.
Shifted the focus of the country’s worship back to Amun

Ancient Egypt

1275 BCE

Last judgment of Hu-Nefer, from his tomb
New Kingdom, 19th Dynasty
c.1275 B.C.E.
Painted papyrus scroll
Hu-Nefer - scribe who had priestly functions
Book of the Dead - “Book of the Coming Forth by Day”

Ancient Egypt

1250 BCE

Temple of Amun-Re and Hypostyle Hall
New Kingdom, 18th & 19th Dynasties
Karnak, near Luxor, Egypt
Temple: c.1550 B.C.E.
Hall: c.1250 B.C.E.
Cut sandstone and mud brick

Hindu History

1200 BCE

Hinduism has no founder, or date of origin - it is the oldest faith structure in the world. The first sacred texts of Hinduism date from around 1200 BCE, were concerned with the ritual sacrifices associated with numerous gods representing forces of nature.
The three main gods of Hinduism, based on the idea that evil will be eradicated
1: Brahma (The Creator)

2: Shiva (The Destroyer)

3: Vishnu (The Protector)

Global Pre

1200 BCE

Tlatilco female figurine
Central Mexico
1200 - 900 B.C.E
Ceramic

Global Pre

1000 BCE

Terra cotta fragment
Solomon Islands, Reef Islands
1000 B.C.E
Terra cotta
Attributed to the Lapita - a migratory people of the Pacific

Ancient Near Eastern

720 BCE

Lamassu from the citadel of Sargon II
Dur Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq)
Neo-Assyrian c.720-705 B.C.E.
Alabaster

Ancient Greece

600 BCE

Athenian Agora
Archaic through Hellenistic Greek
600 B.C.E. - 150 C.E.
Plan
Center of life for the Greeks
Birthplace of democracy
Combines buildings for:
Commerce (stoa)
Government (bouleuterion & tholos)
Facilitating private dwellings (fountain house provides water)
Panathenaic Way
Links commercial, political, and religious aspects of life
For the Panathenaic Festival, Athenians processed up to the Acropolis to celebrate Athena’s birthday.

Archaic Period

600 BCE

Sculptures include kouros and kore figures
Characterized by the “Archaic Smile”
Stylized, geometric hair
Rigid, grid format similar to the Egyptian canon of proportions
Pottery includes black and red figured vase painting
Persian Wars 500-480 B.C.E.
Athenians defeat the Persians at Battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.E.
Persian army burns the Acropolis, 480 B.C.E.

Ancient Greece

530 BCE

Peplos Kore from the Acropolis
Archaic Greek
c.530 B.C.E.
Marble, painted details

Ancient Greece

530 BCE

Anavysos Kouros
Archaic Greek
c.530 B.C.E.
Marble with remnants of paint
Kroisos - young military hero (based on an inscription on the base NOT a real portrait - general representation “Archaic smile” - meant to enliven the sculpture 6’4”

Ancient Near Eastern

520 BCE

Audience Hall (apadana) of Darius and Xerxes
Persepolis, Iran
Persian
c.520-465 B.C.E.
Limestone
No Persian temples - all rituals outdoors
Most elaborate structures were palaces
Symbolize power of the Persian rulers
Multicultural style - Darius brought artists and materials from all over empire

Etruscan Art

520 BCE

Sarcophagus of the Spouses
Etruscan. c.520 B.C.E.
Terracotta
Sarcophagus - coffin to hold human remains (These held the ASHES of a married couple)
Once held objects in hands…possible symbols
-Man: egg (life after death)
-Woman: bottle of perfume or pomegranate
(immortality) Reclining on wineskins - ceremonial sharing of wine at rituals Shows mutual respect between men & women -
Women - high standing in society (unlike Greece) Archaic smile - like Greece

Etruscan Art

510 BCE

Temple of Minerva (Veii, near Rome, Italy)
Etruscan. c.510-500 B.C.E.
Original temple of wood, mud brick, or tufa (volcanic rock)
CELLA -
the inner area of an ancient temple
PORTICO -
a structure consisting of a roof supported by columns at regular
intervals, typically attached as a porch to a building.
Little architecture survives - what we know is from descriptions from Roman architect, Vitruvius Minerva - equivalent to Greek Athena Inspired by Greek architecture
Juno Jupiter and Athena

Etruscan Art

510 BCE

Sculpture of Apollo, Veii
Master sculptor Vulca
Etruscan. c.510-500 B.C.E.
Terracotta
on top of temple of Minerva
depicts Apollo and Hercules fighting over Artemis's golden hind (deer)

Stylistic Characteristics of Etruscan Art

480 BCE

Has motion and vitality (full of life)
Captured the feeling or essence of their subjects
Statues
Terracotta
Relaxed
Naturalistic figures
Temples
Wood with statues on the roof
Necropolises

Etruscan Art

480 BCE

Tomb of the Triclinium
Tarquinia, Italy. Etruscan.
c.480-470 B.C.E. Tufa and fresco
tufa -
Compressed volcanic ash
Triclinium -
3 couch dining room
Commissioned by wealthy Etruscans
-for festive funeral rites
-celebratory feasting
-help to transition to the afterlife
-reinforce socioeconomic position of
the deceased & their family Checkered ceiling - may resemble fabric tents used for ritual feasting
Women - light skinned
Men - dark skinned

Ancient Greece

460 BCE

Niobides Krater
Anonymous vase painter of Classical Greece known as the Niobid Painter.
c.460-450 B.C.E.
Clay, red figure technique

Ancient Greece

450 BCE

Doryphoros (Spear bearer)
Polykleitos
Original 450-440 B.C.E.
Roman copy (marble) of the Greek original (bronze)

Classical Period Greece

450 BCE

Considered the high point of Greek civilization
Time period of dramatists Sophocles & Euripides, historian Herodotus, statesman Pericles, philosopher Socrates
Stylistic Characteristics
Large freestanding sculpture with figures shown in movement
Idealized body - human perfection
Contrapposto - weight shift
Chiastic - twisting cross balance
Drapery allows muscles to show through
1:7 proportion - the “perfect” order (head is 1/7 of the total body)
Nude
Timeless youthfulness

Ancient Greece

447 BCE

Parthenon
Iktinos and Kallikrates
c.447-410 B.C.E.
Marble
in Acropolis
Constructed under the leadership of Pericles after the Persian sack of Athens in 480 B.C.E. destroyed the original acropolis
Built as a Greek temple dedicated to Athena
Patron goddess of Athens
Housed a great statue of Athena
No longer exists
Originally made of gold and ivory over a wooden core
Also used as a treasury

Ancient Greece

447 BCE

Acropolis
Iktinos and Kallikrates
c.447-410 B.C.E.
Marble
Includes other important pieces
Located above the Athenian Agora in Athens, Greece on a hilltop: meant to be highest point in the city
Built after the Persians sacked Athens (and the Greeks won it back) under the direction of Pericles after the original Acropolis was destroyed
Pericles used tributes from Athenian allies to build and furnish it

Ancient Greece

427 BCE

Temple of Athena Nike
Kallikrates
c.427-424 B.C.E.
Marble
in Acroplois
Nike: goddess of victory
Commemorative temple
Celebrated the Greeks’ victory over the Persians at the Battle of Marathon
Amphiprostyle: four columns in front and four in the back
Ionic columns
Frieze depicting events of Marathon victory
in Acroplois

Ancient Greece

427 BCE

Victory (Nike) adjusting her sandal
Temple of Athena Nike (Acropolis)
c.427-424 B.C.E.
Marble

Ancient Greece

410 BCE

Grave Stele of Hegeso
Attributed to Kallimachos
c.410 B.C.E.
Marble and paint

Ancient Greece

400 BCE

Helios, horses, and Dionysus (Heracles?)
East Pediment Sculpture, Parthenon (Phidias?)
5th Century B.C.E.
Marble
in Acropolis

Ancient Greece

400 BCE

Plaque of the Ergastines
Parthenon (Phidias)
5th Century B.C.E.
Marble
Ergustines: young women in charge of weaving Athena’s peplos (garment) - for the statue of Athena
Part of a frieze on the Parthenon (total of 360 figures)
Depicts the Panathenaic Procession - held every four years to honor Athena
Isocephalism - all heads appear to be on the same level
Figures in contrapposto
in Acropolis

Ancient Rome

400 BCE

Petra, Jordan: Treasury and Great Temple
Nabataean Ptolemaic and Roman
c. 400 B.C.E - 100 C.E.
Cut rock

Buddhist Art

300 BCE

Great Stupa at Sanchi
Madhya Pradesh, India
Buddhist; Maurya, late Sunga Dynasty
c. 300 B.C.E.-100 C.E. Stone masonry, sandstone on dome

Ancient Rome

300 BCE

House of the Vettii
Pompeii, Italy
Imperial Roman
c. 2nd Century B.C.E.
Cut stone and fresco
Pentheus Room:
Function - triclinium (dining room)
*Main scene - death of the Greek hero Pentheus
Made up of 4th Style Roman wall painting

Asian

221 BCE

Terra cotta warriors from mausoleum of the first Qin emperor of China
Qin Dynasty.
c. 221-209 B.C.E.
Painted terra cotta

Ancient Greece

190 BCE

Winged Victory of Samothrace
Hellenistic Greek
c.190 B.C.E.
Marble
Over 8 feet high
Theatrical effect - wind-whipped costume, raised wings
Thought to have memorialized an important naval victory in 191 B.C.E.
Large open movements of the figure
Perfect expression of the art of this period

Hellenistic Period

190 BCE

Intense emotionalism
All muscles straining
Naturalistic/realistic - now portrays age
Dynamic movement
Spiral twist
Depiction of everyday life
Greater variety of drapery and poses

Asian

180 BCE

Funeral banner of Lady Dai (Xin Zhui)
Han Dynasty, China
c. 180 B.C.E.
Painted silk

Ancient Greece

175 BCE

Frieze of Athena from the Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon
Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Hellenistic Greek.
c.175 B.C.E.
Marble
Base of the altar, illustrates victories of Athena (who is worshipped here)
Gigantomachy - Battle between the gods & the giants

Ancient Greece

175 BCE

Great Altar of Zeus and Athena at Pergamon
Asia Minor (present-day Turkey). Hellenistic Greek.
c.175 B.C.E.
Marble
Tribute to King Atalos I’s victory against the Gauls in 230 B.C.E.
Reflects king’s wealth & victories - located near the royal

palace of the city’s acropolis

Ancient Greece

100 BCE

Seated Boxer
Hellenistic Greek
C.100 B.C.E.
Bronze
shows harsh realities of being a boxer

Ancient Rome

100 BCE

Alexander mosaic from the House of Faun, Pompeii
Republican Roman c.100 B.C.E.
Mosaic

Ancient Rome

75 BCE

Head of a Roman patrician
Republican Roman
c.75-50 B.C.E.
Marble
Verism - truthful (veristic portrait) Highly respected virtues:
Morality
Devotion to family & public service
Determination to endure (i.e. battle) Features may have been exaggerated Based on earlier tradition of patrician families - wax death masks made when male head of family died
Kept in a family shrine, commemorate their
status and history

Ancient Rome- Republican Period

75 BCE

Overthrew the Etruscans & established a constitutional government
Senate (council of elders)
Elected 2 consuls (executive rulers)
All landowners (patricians) at first, later plebeians (farmers, merchants, freed slaves) could be on the senate
Continued to conquer - Gauls, Samnites, Greek colonists, Carthaginians
Ends with the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C.E.
Copied Classical Greek
Subjects: mythology, gods, battles, emperors
Architecture:
Concrete
Engaged columns
Arch

Ancient Rome

70

Colosseum (Flavian Amphitheater)
Rome, Italy. Imperial Roman.
70-80 C.E.Stone and concrete.

Ancient Rome

106

Forum of Trajan
Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus. Forum and markets.
c.106-112 C.E.
Brick and concrete.
Basilica Ulpia and Trajan Markets
Ulpia - Trajan’s family name
Main administrative center

Ancient Rome

113

Column of Trajan
Completed 113 C.E.
Rome, Italy. Apollodorus of Damascus
Marble

Ancient Rome

118

Pantheon
Imperial Roman. 118-125 C.E.
Concrete with stone facing.
Built as a temple to ALL the Olympian gods
On site of an earlier temple built by Agrippa
Largest dome structure in the world for 1300 years
Still the largest unreinforced concrete dome
Interior originally brightly painted
Coffers may have had rosette designs to simulate stars

Ancient Rome

200

Augustus of Prima Porta
Imperial Roman
Early 1st Century C.E.
Marble
Found in the villa of Livia, Augustus’ wife May have been commissioned by Augustus in his lifetime OR by Emperor Tiberius, his son PROPAGANDA - meant to celebrate Augustus’ victory over the Parthians

Ancient Rome

250

Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
Late Imperial Roman. c.250 C.E.
Marble.
By the 3rd century, stability & prosperity of the Pax Romana had been replaced by instability & unrest Possibly a battle between Romans vs. Goths Chaos - reflects the time of troubles in 3rd century
(Contrast with the calm & order on the Column of Trajan) High relief - more dramatic with more contrast Sarcophagus - marks a change in burial tradition in the 3rd century (cremation → burial)

Asian

500

Gold and jade crown
Three Kingdoms Period
Silla Kingdom, Korea
Fifth to sixth century C.E.
Metalwork

Islamic Art

631

The Kaaba
Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Islamic. Pre-Islamic monument
Rededicated by Muhammad in 631-632 C.E. Multiple renovations
Granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver-wrapped thread

Buddhist Art

641

Jowo Rinpoche, enshrined in the Jokhang Temple
Lhasa, Tibet. Yarlung Dynasty.
Believed to have been brought to Tibet in 641 C.E.
Gilt metals with semiprecious stones, pearls, and paint; various offerings

Islamic Art

691

Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem. Islamic. Umayyad.
691-692 C.E., with multiple renovations
Stone masonry and wooden roof decorated with glazed ceramic tile, mosaics, and gilt aluminum and bronze dome.
Holy site to Jews, Christians & Muslims
Where Adam was created and buried
Believed to be where Abraham almost sacrificed son Isaac
Where Muhammad ascended to heaven NOT a mosque, it's a SHRINE
Marking a sacred spot
To military & spiritual triumph of Islam over Christianity

Pacific

700

Nan Madol
Pohnpei, Micronesia
Saudeleur Dynasty
c. 700-1600 C.E.
Basalt boulders and prismatic columns

Asian

743

Todai-ji
Nara, Japan
743 C.E.; rebuilt c. 1700
Wood with ceramic-tile roofing

Buddhist Art

750

Borobudur Temple
Central Java, Indonesia
Sailendra Dynasty
c. 750-842 C.E.
Volcanic-stone masonry
Sailendra Dynasty - deified their kings Constructed by 50,000 Javanese - earn religious merit Site eventually abandoned - possible volcanic eruptions or Java’s conversion to Islam

Islamic Art

785

Great Mosque
Córdoba, Spain. Umayyad
c. 785-786 C.E.
Stone masonry

Hindu Art

800

Churning of the Ocean of Milk
Angkor Wat
Hindu, Angkor Dynasty
c. 800-1400 C.E.
Sandstone

Islamic Art

800

Folio from a Qur’an
Arab, North Africa or Near East
Abbasid. c. eighth to ninth century C.E.
Ink, color, and gold on parchment
archment - processed animal skin Kufic script - bold, angular and easy to read (most early Islamic texts written in this) Qur’an translates to “recitation” Read from right to left Consonants = script
Vowels = red dots and smaller symbols 6 gold circles = beginning of the verse (ayat)

Hindu Art

800

Angkor, the temple of Angkor Wat, and the city of Angkor Thom, Cambodia
Hindu, Angkor Dynasty
c. 800-1400 C.E. Stone masonry, sandstone

Hindu Art

930

Lakshmana Temple
Khajuraho, India. Hindu, Chandella Dynasty
c. 930-950 C.E. Sandstone

Islamic Art

968

Pyxis of al-Mughira
Umayyad
c. 968 C.E.
Ivory
Pyxis - container for aromatics (perfumes), cosmetics or jewelry Horror vacui - “fear of the empty” Made from a section of an elephant’s tusk - 6 ⅓” x 4 ½” Muslim Spain - Umayyad

African Art

1000

Conical tower and circular wall of Great Zimbabwe
Southeastern Zimbabwe
Shona peoples
c. 1000-1400 C.E.
Coursed granite blocks

Hindu Art

1000

Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)
Hindu
India (Tamil Nadu)
Chola Dynasty
c. 11th century C.E.
Cast bronze

Asian

1000

Travelers among Mountains and Streams
Fan Kuan
c. 1000 C.E.
Ink and colors on silk

African Art

1066

Power figure (Nkisi n’kondi)
Kongo peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
c. late 19th century C.E.
1066 - 1067 CE
Wood and metal

Pacific

1100

Moai on platform (ahu)
Rapa Nui (Easter Island)
c. 1100-1600 C.E.
Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base

Hinduism

1200

Samsara: the cycle of reincarnation
Karma: the sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence
Moksha (Hindu) /Nirvana (Buddhism): escape from samsara
Dharma: the religious duties, moral rights and duties of each individual, as well as behaviors that enable social order, right conduct, and those that are virtuous.

Islamic Art

1200

Great Mosque of Djenné
Mali
Founded c. 1200 C.E.; rebuilt 1906-1907
Adobe

Later Islamic History

1250

Mamluk Empire rules North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Mecca: 1250-1517
•Ottoman Empire: 1342-1918. Captures Constantinople, 1453; height under Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566
•Mongol invasions, including capture of Baghdad: 1206-1294
•Safavid dynasty rules Persia (after Mongol and Timurid rule), 1501-1732
•Mughals (Mongols) rule India, 1526-1858

Asian

1250

Night Attack on the Sanjô Palace
Kamakura Period, Japan
c. 1250-1300 C.E.
Handscroll (ink and color on paper)

Islamic Art

1320

Basin (Baptistère de St. Louis)
Muhammad ibn al-Zain
c. 1320-1340 C.E.
Brass inlaid with gold and silver

Islamic Art

1330

Bahram Gur Fights the Karg, folio from the Great Il-Khanid Shahnama
Islamic
Persian, Il-Khanid
c. 1330-1340 C.E.
Ink and opaque watercolor, gold, and silver on paper

Asian

1351

The David Vases
Yuan Dynasty, China
1351 C.E.
White porcelain with cobalt-blue underglaze

Asian

1400

Portrait of Sin Sukju (1417-1475)
Imperial Bureau of Painting
c. 15th century C.E.
Hanging scroll (ink and color on silk)

Asian

1400

Forbidden City
Beijing, China. Ming Dynasty.
15th century C.E. and later
Stone masonry, marble, brick, wood, and ceramic tile

Northren Renaissance

1427

Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece)
Workshop of Robert Campin
1427-1432 C.E. Oil on wood
Used for private devotion in a home 25 ⅜” x 46 ⅜”

Florentine Renaissance

1429

Pazzi Chapel
Basilica di Santa Croce
Florence, Italy
Filippo Brunelleschi (architect)
c. 1429-1461 C.E.
Masonry Chapel donated by Pazzi family
Chapter house (meeting room) for Franscican friars
Funerary chapel for Pazzi family

Northern Renaissance

1434

The Arnolfini Portrait
Jan van Eyck
c. 1434 C.E.
Oil on wood

Florentine Renaissance

1440

David
Donatello
c. 1440-1460 C.E.
Bronze
Androgynous
Homoerotic overtones

Florentine Renaissance

1450

Palazzo Rucellai
Florence, Italy
Leon Battista Alberti (architect)
c. 1450 C.E.
Stone, masonry Residential architecture
Giovanni Rucellai - wealthy wool manufacturer who made fortune manufacturing red dye

Florentine Renaissance

1465

Madonna and Child with Two Angels
Fra Filippo Lippi
c. 1465 C.E.
Tempera on wood

Asian

1480

Ryoan-ji
Kyoto, Japan
Muromachi Period, Japan
c. 1480 C.E.; current design most likely dates to the 18th century
Rock garden
dry and wet garden

Florentine Renaissance

1484

Birth of Venus
Sandro Botticelli
c. 1484-1486 C.E. Tempera on canvas

High Renaissance

1494

Last Supper
Leonardo da Vinci
c. 1494-1498 C.E. Oil and tempera

African Art

1500

Wall plaque, from Oba’s palace
Edo peoples, Benin (Nigeria)
16th century C.E.
Cast brass

Northern Renaissance

1504

Adam and Eve
Albrecht Dürer
1504 C.E.
Engraving

High Renaissance

1508

Sistine Chapel ceiling
Vatican City, Italy
Michelangelo
Ceiling frescoes: c. 1508-1512 C.E.
Altar frescoes: c. 1536-1541 C.E.
Fresco
Private chapel of the pope Where new popes are elected Name comes from Pope Sixtus IV - redesigned building 1473-1481

High Renaissance

1508

The Flood (The Deluge)
Sistine Chapel Michelangelo
c. 1508-1512 C.E. Fresco

High Renaissance

1508

The Delphic Sibyl
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo
c. 1508-1512 C.E.

Fresco Sibyl - prophetess from ancient Greece (foretell the future)
Foretelling the birth of Christ Combination of religious and pagan mythological imagery ~11’ x 12’

High Renaissance

1509

School of Athens
Raphael
c. 1509-1511 C.E. Fresco

Northern Renaissance

1512

Isenheim altarpiece
Matthias Grünewald
c. 1512-1516 C.E.
Oil on wood

Islamic Art

1522

The Court of Gayumars, folio from Shah Tahmasp’s Shahnama
Sultan Muhammad
c. 1522-1525 C.E.
Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

Mannerism

1525

Entombment of Christ
Jacopo da Pontormo
1525-1528 C.E.
Oil on wood Painted for a family chapel in Santa Felicita in Florence
Mannerism may reflect instability in politics
The sack of Rome in 1527
Brought on by the Protestant Reformation
Entombment or Deposition??
No spatial cues

Northern Renaissance

1530

Allegory of Law and Grace
Lucas Cranach the Elder
c. 1530 C.E.
Woodcut and letterpress

Mannerism

1536

The Last Judgment
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel, 1536-1541 C.E.
Fresco

Late Renaissance

1538

Venus of Urbino
Titian
c. 1538 C.E. Oil on canvas

Cross Cultural

1541

Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza
Viceroyalty of New Spain
c. 1541-1542 C.E.
Ink and color on paper

Northern Renaissance

1565

Hunters in the Snow
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
1565 C.E. Oil on wood

Islamic Art

1568

Mosque of Selim II
Edirne, Turkey
Sinan (architect)
1568-1575 C.E.
Brick and stone

Baroque

1568

Il Gesù,
Rome, Italy; Giacomo da Vignola (architect); Giacomo della Porta, facade (architect); Church: 16th Century C.E.; Facade: 1568-1584 C.E.
Brick, marble, stucco

Southern Baroque

1597

Calling of Saint Matthew
Caravaggio
c. 1597-1601 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Cross Cultural

1600

Angel with Arquebus, Asiel Timor Dei
Master of Calamarca (La Paz School)
c. 17th Century C.E.
Oil on canvas

Aristocratic Baroque

1621

Henry IV Receives the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici, from the Marie de’ Medici Cycle
Peter Paul Rubens
1621-1625 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Islamic Art

1632

Taj Mahal
Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Masons, marble workers, mosaicists, and decorators working under the supervision of Ustad Ahmad Lahori, architect of the emperor. 1632-1653 C.E.
Stone masonry and marble with inlay of precious and semiprecious stones; gardens

Northern Bourgeois Baroque

1636

Self-Portrait with Saskia
Rembrandt van Rijn
1636 C.E.
Etching Technique - Etching:
Wax applied to a metal plate
Image drawn with a metal etching needle
Plate dipped in acid - bites into the metal
Allows more control and delicate lines, light and shadow
One plate produces about 100 etchings

Baroque

1638

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane
Rome, Italy
Francesco Borromini (architect)
1638-1646 C.E.
Stone and stucco
Saint Charles of the Four Fountains”
Located in a square with four fountains
Dedicated to St. Charles Borromeo & the Holy Trinity (Trinitarian Order)
Also a Trinitarian monastery
Borromini - architect
Great mathematician & problem solver
Builds this church without charging a fee - retains creative control
Form - UNDULATING!!
Convex and concave
Sense of motion

Baroque

1647

Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria
Rome, Italy
c. 1647-1652 C.E.
Stucco

Baroque

1647

Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
c. 1647-1652 C.E.
Marble
Teresa - Spanish nun (1515-1582)
Made a saint in 1622
Bernini created this only 25 years later Sculpture based on Saint Teresa’s diary
Tells of a vision of an angel plunging an arrow into her heart

Baroque

1647

Cornaro Chapel
Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
c. 1647-1652 C.E.
Gilt bronze

Aristocratic Baroque

1656

Las Meninas
Diego Velázquez
c. 1656 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Northern Bourgeois Baroque

1664

Woman Holding a Balance
Johannes Vermeer
c. 1664 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Aristocratic Baroque

1669

The Palace at Versailles
Versailles, France
Louis Le Vau & Jules Hardouin-Mansart (architects)
Begun 1669 C.E.
Masonry, stone, wood, iron, and gold leaf (architecture)
Marble and bronze (sculpture)

Baroque

1676

Triumph of the Name of Jesus
Il Gesù
Giovanni Battista Gaulli
Ceiling fresco and stucco figures
c. 1676-1679 C.E.
Fresco and stucco

Cross Cultural

1697

Screen with the Siege of Belgrade and hunting scene
Circle of the González Family c. 1697-1701 C.E.
Tempera and resin on wood, shell inlay

Cross Cultural

1698

The Virgin of Guadalupe
(Virgen de Guadalupe)
Miguel González
c. 1698 C.E.
Based on original Virgin of Guadalupe Basilica of Guadalupe, Mexico City
16th Century C.E.
Oil on canvas on wood, inlaid with mother-of-pearl

African Art

1700

Sika dwa kofi (Golden Stool)
Ashanti peoples (south central Ghana)
c. 1700 C.E.
Gold over wood and cast-gold attachments

Pacific

1700

‘Ahu ‘ula (feather cape)
Hawaiian
Late 18th century C.E.
Feathers and fiber

Rococo Stylistic Characteristics

1700

Paintings:
mostly small
fête galante – outdoor play, (mostly illicit) love
frivolity, playful intrigue, sensuality
mostly pastel colors
delicately curving forms
dainty figures

Asian

1710

White and Red Plum Blossoms
Ogata Korin
c. 1710-1716 C.E.
Ink, watercolor, and gold leaf on paper
Tokugawa Shogunate or Edo period

Northern Bourgeois Baroque

1711

Fruit and Insects
Rachel Ruysch

1711 C.E. Oil on wood

Cross Cultural

1715

Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo
Attributed to Juan Rodríguez Juárez c. 1715 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Enlightenment

1743

The Tête a Tête, from Marriage à la Mode
William Hogarth
c. 1743 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Cross Cultural

1750

Portrait of Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Miguel Cabrera
c. 1750 C.E.
Oil on canvas

African Art

1760

Ndop (portrait figure) of King Mishe miShyaang maMbul
Kuba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
c. 1760-1780 C.E.
Wood

Enlightenment

1763

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery
Joseph Wright of Derby
c. 1763-1765 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Rococo

1767

The Swing
Jean-Honoré Fragonard
1767 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Neoclassicism

1768

Monticello
Virginia, U.S.
Thomas Jefferson (architect), 1768-1809 C.E.
Brick, glass, stone and wood

Neoclassicism

1784

The Oath of the Horatii
Jacques-Louis David
1784 C.E.
Oil on canvas Patriotism
and
Sacrifice

Neoclassicism

1788

George Washington
Jean-Antoine Houdon
1788-1792 C.E.
Marble

Rococo/ bridge to enlightenment

1790

Self-Portrait
Elisabeth Louise Vigée Le Brun
1790 C.E.
Oil on canvas

African Art

1800

Lukasa (memory board)
Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
c. 19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood, beads, and metal

African Art

1800

Reliquary figure (byeri)
Fang peoples (southern Cameroon)
c. 19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood

African Art

1800

Ikenga (shrine figure)
Igbo peoples (Nigeria)
c. 19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood

Pacific

1800

Staff god
Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia
Late 18th to early 19th century C.E.
Wood, tapa, fiber, and feathers

Pacific

1800

Female deity
Nukuoro, Micronesia
c. 18th to 19th century C.E.
Wood

Pacific

1800

Buk (mask)
Mid to late 19th Century
Torres Strait (islander People)
Maubiag Island
25 in
Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, and shell

Romanticism

1810

Y no hai remedio (And There’s Nothing to be Done), from Los Desastres de la Guerra (The Disasters of War), plate 15
Francisco de Goya
1810-1823 C.E. (published 1863)
Etching, drypoint, burin, and burnishing

Neoclassicism

1814

La Grande Odalisque
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1814 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Asian

1830

Under the Wave off Kanagawa (Kanagawa oki nami ura), also known as the Great Wave, from the series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji
Katsushika Hokusai
1830-1833 C.E.
Polychrome woodblock print; ink and color on paper

Romanticism

1830

Liberty Leading the People
Eugène Delacroix
1830 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Romanticism

1836

The Oxbow
(View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm)
Thomas Cole
1836 C.E. Oil on canvas

Photography

1837

Still Life in Studio
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
1837 C.E.
Daguerreotype

Romanticism

1840

Palace of Westminster (House of Parliament)
London, England. Charles Barry and Augustus W.N. Pugin (architects)
1840-1870 C.E.
Limestone masonry and glass Built c. 1100 C.E. with ceiling added in 1390 C.E.
Survived the 1834 fire
Perpendicular Gothic style inspired the design of the Houses of Parliament
Central Lobby
Westminster Hall

Romanticism

1840

Slave Ship
(Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On)
Joseph Mallord William Turner
1840 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Realism

1849

The Stone Breakers
Gustave Courbet
1849 C.E. (destroyed in 1945)
Oil on canvas

Pacific

1850

Hiapo (tapa)
Niue
c. 1850-1900 C.E.
Tapa or bark cloth, freehand painting

Realism

1862

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of Art
Honoré Daumier
1862 C.E.
Lithograph

Realism

1863

Olympia
Édouard Manet
1863 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Photography

1878

The Horse in Motion
Eadweard Muybridge
1878 C.E.
Albumen print

Cross Cultural

1882

The Valley of Mexico from the Hillside of Santa Isabel
(El Valle de México desde el Cerro de Santa Isabel)
Jose María Velasco 1882 C.E.
Oil on canvas

Realism

1884

The Burghers of Calais
Auguste Rodin
1884-1895 C.E.
Bronze

Pacific

1890

Tamati Waka Nene
Gottfried Lindauer
Maori (Nga-ti-toa tribe)
Auckland National Art Gallery
1890 C.E.
Oil on canvas
40.1’’ x 33.1’’

African Art

1900

Female (Pwo) mask
Chokwe peoples (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Late 19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood, fiber, pigment, and metal

African Art

1900

Bundu mask
Sande Society, Mende peoples (West African forests of Sierra Leone and Liberia)
19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood, cloth, and fiber

African Art

1900

Aka elephant mask
Bamileke (Cameroon, western grassfields region)
c. 19th to 20th century C.E.
Wood, woven raffia, cloth, and beads

African Art

1900

Portrait mask (Mblo)
Baule peoples (Côte d’Ivoire)
Early 20th century C.E.
Wood and pigment

Pacific

1900

Navigation chart
Marshall Islands, Micronesia
19th to early 20th century C.E.
Wood and fiber

Pacific

1900

Malagan display and mask
New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea
c. 20th century C.E.
Wood, pigment, fiber, and shell

Photography

1907

The Steerage
Alfred Stieglitz
1907 C.E.
Photogravure

African Art

1910

Veranda post of enthroned king and senior wife (Opo Ogoga)
Olowe of Ise (Yoruba peoples)
c. 1910-1914 C.E.
Wood and pigment

Pacific

1953

Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II
Fiji, Polynesia. 1953 C.E.
Multimedia performance (costume; cosmetics, including scent; chant; movement; and pandanus fiber/hibiscus fiber mats), photographic documentation

Cross Cultural

1969

Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan
Artist unknown
Based on an oil painting by Liu Chunhua
c. 1969 C.E.
Color lithograph