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Michael the Brave unifies the three Romanian principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Translyvania after the Battle of Șelimbăr from 1599.
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Treaty of Vienna ends anti-Habsburg uprising in Royal Hungary
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The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at the Battle of Klushino and conquers Moscow.
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English poet and playwright William Shakespeare dies.
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The Defenestration of Prague
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The Bohemian Revolt precipitates the Thirty Years' War, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
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The Manchus start invading China. Their conquest eventually topples the Ming dynasty.
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Polish-Ottoman War over Moldavia.
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The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz defeat the Ottomans
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Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (one-third of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement.
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Aurochs go extinct
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attle of Nördlingen results in Catholic victory
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Naval Battle of the Downs – Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
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Wars of the Three Kingdoms, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and England.
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Beginning of English Civil War, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I, abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
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Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.
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The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
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The War of Devolution; France invades the Netherlands. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
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The Treaty of Nijmegen ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
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The Pueblo Revolt drives the Spanish out of New Mexico until 1692
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The Glorious Revolution starts with the Dutch Republic invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy.
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French troops defeated at the battles of Ramillies and Turin.
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the British halt the Jacobite advance at the Battle of Sheriffmuir; Battle of Preston.
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ending the Great Northern War
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The First Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
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The Second Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
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the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
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The Seven Years' War is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
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The Third Carnatic War is fought between the British, the French, the Marathas, and Mysore in India.
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The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
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The Northwest Indian War is fought between the United States and Native Americans.
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The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, which were a series of incidents between settlers and New South Wales Corps and the Aboriginal Australian clans of the Hawkesbury river in Sydney, Australia.
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War of the First Coalition: The Battle of Montenotte marks Napoleon Bonaparte's first victory as an army commander.
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the Quasi-War is fought between the United States and France
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the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa.
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War of 1812 between the United States and Britain; ends in a draw, except that Native Americans lose power.
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The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation states.
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The Paraguayan War ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
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Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy.
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Boshin War results in end of the shogunate and the founding the Japanese Empire.
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The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy, the collapse of the Second French Empire and the emergence of a New Imperialism.