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School museums served as the central administrative unit for visual instruction materials. The materials housed in these museums were seen as supplementary materials. -
This period involved the use of video, film, and lantern slides. These resources were used in public schools to increase the use of visual aids.
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Advancements in motion pictures, sound recordings, and radio broadcasting led to the shift from visual to audiovisual instruction.
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Throughout his career, B.F. Skinner advocated an approach to the study of psychology and learning that focused on behavior.
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Gagne's theory of instruction was comprised of three components:
1. A taxonomy of learning outcomes
2. Internal and external learning conditions
3. Nine events of instruction that facilitate a specific cognitive process. -
The audiovisual instructional movement grew tremendously during World War II. The US military produced videos that quickly and efficiently trained troops. -
Although the television was invented in 1927, it became increasingly used in the 1950s which further increased interest in media. -
In 1954, Skinner wrote "The Science of Learning and Art of Teaching". This article was the beginning of a minor educational revolution.
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In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. As a result, the US government spent millions of dollars on improving math and science education. -
A number of educational leaders during this time by describing instructional design as a process instead of equating it with media.
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In 1963, education technology was defined as "the design and use of messages which control the learning process." -
In 1970 the definition of education technology was amended to include the use of human and nonhuman resources in instruction. The definitions during this period also acknowledged the role of research in the field.
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In the 1970s, cognitivism emerged and challenged the ideas of behaviorism. -
The invention of the microcomputer, CD-ROM, interactive video and the internet greatly influenced the field during this time.
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The ADDIE process is an instructional design model that consists of five phases, analyze, implement, develop, design, and evaluate. -
Similar to the previous definition of education technology, the 1977 definition describes educational technology as a complex process. This definition differs in that it describes finding solutions to human learning problems and reinforces that the field isn't limited to media use.
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The 1994 definition defines instructional technology as a theory and practice. The five domains that define the field are design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation.
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This definition focuses on ethics and teachers being facilitators of learning.
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By 2011, 32% of students in higher education were taking online courses. -
The Covid-19 pandemic led many school districts to offer 100% virtual instruction to students.