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Antebellum Era Colony Schools
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Land Grants and Reserves for Public Education
The Continental Congress passed a law to survey the Northwest territory which included Ohio. This law created townships and reserved land for local schools. From these "land grants" came state public universities. However, Congress assumed it had the right to sell or give away land already inhabited by Native Americans. An oversight, greatly mistaken towards the Indigenous American People and their families. -
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Pre-Industrialization Schools: Birth Of Common School Movement
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Plessy v. Ferguson
In 1890, Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which required separate railway cars for people of different races. Homer Plessy, a person of mixed race and considered black under Louisiana law, challenged the Act by sitting in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. Plessy, convicted, the court upheld the state law, with Justice Henry Billings Brown's opinion stating that segregation did not itself constitute unlawful discrimination. An unfortunate time during Louisiana's Jim Crow Laws. -
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Expansion In the Education/Trade Industry: Post Industrialization
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Trials That Paved The Common School Movement
Judicial landmarks that become precedents towards guiding students of diversity to the civil rights movement. -
Brown v. The Board of Education
In 1951, Oliver Brown's daughter was denied enrollment at the nearest school due to their race. Along with twelve other local black families, they filed a class action lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education, arguing for the unconstitutionality of racial segregation in schools. The ruling by the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas was against the Browns, but they appealed to the Supreme Court, represented by Thurgood Marshall. -
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Proposition Phases of Desegregation and Civil Rights in Schools
Propositions and laws reviewed in legislative courts that shaped the progress of students' civil rights. -
Title IX
Title IX, signed into law in 1972 by President Richard Nixon, was introduced in Congress by Representative Patsy Mink. After her death, the law was renamed to Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act. The first Title IX case in the high court showcased the study of the 14th Amendment and the impact of the separation of powers on law-abiding citizens. -
Lau v. Nichols
The San Francisco school system has failed to provide English language instruction to around 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak English. This lack of support has prevented these students from participating fully in the public educational program, which is a violation of Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in any program or activity that receives Federal financial assistance. -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
In 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was established to assist states and local facilities in protecting and preserving the needs of enhancing outcomes for students with disabilities and their families. United States President Gerald Ford signed the proposed act to make it possible with students with special needs to receive sufficient programs in an equal and free offer. Later, it was deemed as the Individuals with Disabilities Act. -
Plyler v. Doe
In 1975, Texas authorized local school districts to deny enrollment to foreign-born children not "legally admitted." Two years later, The Tyler Independent School District required foreign-born students to pay tuition if not "legally admitted." The Supreme Court ruled in Plyler v. Doe that students cannot be denied public education based on their immigration status. The court found that denying education to undocumented children imposes harm on society. -
Rose v. Council For Better Education
This case concerns whether the Kentucky General Assembly has provided an effective system of common schools across the state. The General Assembly has failed to pass legislation to establish an efficient system of common schools. Education is crucial to fulfilling our public responsibilities and citizenship. Any child's success in life is doubtful if they are denied education. Establishing the prospect of the Common School Movement.