Alejandra 2

By Joha1111111

  • Napoleonic Invasion of Spain

    The crisis in Spain (including the deposition of
    the Spanish king) undermines Spanish authority over its colonies, setting the
    stage for independence movements in New Spain.

  • Grito de Dolores

    On September 16, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issues
    the call to arms in Dolores, Guanajuato, marking the beginning of the Mexican
    War of Independence.

  • Battle of Calderón Bridge

    Spanish royalist forces defeat insurgent armies,
    forcing the revolutionary movement to regroup and adapt its strategies.

  • Constitution of Apatzingán

    Insurgent leaders promulgate this constitution as
    a framework for self-governance and the establishment of an independent
    state.

  • Rise of Vicente Guerrero

    After early setbacks, Vicente Guerrero emerges as
    a key leader, sustaining the fight for independence in southern Mexico.

  • Liberal Revolution in Spain

    Political changes in Spain (including the
    reinstatement of the Cadiz Constitution) influence reforms in New Spain and
    open a path toward negotiations with insurgent forces.

  • Plan of Iguala

    Agustín de Iturbide proclaims a plan based on three guarantees—independence, equality, and protection of the Catholic faith—that unites royalists and insurgents.

  • Treaty of Córdoba

    Signed on August 24, this treaty confirms Mexican
    independence from Spain.

  • Entrance into Mexico City

    The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico
    City on September 27, symbolically ending Spanish colonial rule.

  • Establishment of the First Mexican Empire

    Agustín de Iturbide is declared
    Emperor of Mexico, marking the nation's first attempt at an independent
    monarchical system.

  • Collapse of the Mexican Empire

    Facing internal opposition and instability,
    Iturbide abdicates in March, paving the way for a republican form of
    government

  • Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States

    Promulgated on October 4, this constitution establishes Mexico as a federal republic.

  • Rise of Centralist Tensions

    Political struggles between federalist and
    centralist factions intensify as Mexico works to consolidate its new state.

  • Outbreak of the Texas Revolution

    Discontent grows among settlers in the
    Mexican province of Texas, eventually leading to an armed rebellion against
    central authority.

  • Declaration of Texan Independence

    On March 2, Texas declares its
    independence from Mexico following pivotal conflicts such as the siege of the
    Alamo and the victory at San Jacinto (April 21).

  • Annexation of Texas by the United States

    The Republic of Texas is annexed
    by the U.S., a move that heightens tensions between Mexico and the United
    States.

  • Start of the Mexican–American War

    Disputes over the Texas border and
    American expansionism lead to war on April 25.

  • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    Signed on February 2, this treaty ends the
    Mexican–American War. As a result, Mexico cedes vast territories—including what are now Texas and California—to the United States