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Alan Turing, an English scientist, was born on 23 June 1912 in Maida Vale, London, Britain.
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At the age of 16, Turing studied one of Albert Einstein's questions on Newton's Law of Motion by himself.
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Alan Turing attended King's College (University of Cambridge) for 4 years (1931 - 1934) where he successfully proved the central limit theorem (probability theory) as his dissertation.
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In the paper "On Computable Numbers and an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem," Turing outlined the Universal Machine (also known as Turing Machine), a computing device that could perform mathematical computation through the algorithm.
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Alan Turing received his Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1938 where he did his dissertation about System of Logic Based on Ordinals which he introduced the basic concepts of computing and logic. He was also elected as a fellow of King's College
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Turing started working part-time at Government Code and Cypher School.
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After World War II was declared, Turing and Gorden Welchman, his colleague, began working on a Bombe, a device for decrypting the messages sent by Germans using their Enigma machines. Turing used statistical techniques to optimize the trial of different possibilities in the code-breaking process using probability.
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Turing and his colleagues tried to break more complicated German Naval Enigma systems. Also, he was sent to America to share what he knew about Engima.
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Turing joined the NPL where he constructed an electric digital stored-program computing machine which later became the Automatic Computing Engine. And, by 1946, Turing proposed the first computer model.
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After World War II, Turing was awarded an OBE for his services to Britain. (https://www.wired.com/2012/06/alan-turing-timeline/)
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Turing returned to Cambridge University, Britain. The first prototype of ACE was developed and executed its first program on 10 May 1950.
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Turing proposed an idea about a machine that could think and function as humans called artificial intelligence. He discovered a potential experiment known as the Turing Test (published in the paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence") which later became the standard for machine intelligence. He also developed a chess-playing program that had never existed on the computer.
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During the year at Computing Laboratory of Manchester University, Turing worked on the stored-program computer - Manchester Mark 1.
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Turing finally developed the first chess-playing program on the computer. However, no computers were powerful enough to execute his program, Turing decided to simulate it himself taking roughly an hour and a half for each move.
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Turing wrote the article "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis" in 1952 demonstrating how such patterns in nature can occur from a homogeneous and uniform state. This is also known as Turing Pattern and is applied a lot in theoretical biology.
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In January 1952, Turing was convicted of gross indecency and lost all security clearance. He was given chemical castration with estrogen hormone injections instead of going to prison.
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Alan Turing passed away in 1954 when he was 42 years old. His death is suspected of being poisoned by cyanide.
(https://www.biography.com/scientist/alan-turing)
