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13th Amendment Ends Slavery
President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaring all persons held as slaves within any state were free. After the 13th and 14th Amendments, African Americans were considered free citizens of the United States, allowing many of them to pursue an education for the first time (OurDocuments.gov, [n.d.]) The 13th Amendment was signed on April 8, 1964 (Ourdocuments.gov, [n.d.]). -
(References) [13th Amendment Ends Slavery]
[13th Amendment Headline] (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://localtvwreg.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/13th-amendment-headline.jpg?quality=85&strip=all Ourdocuments.gov. (n.d.). 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865). Retrieved September 03, 2017, from https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=40 -
The Original Department of Education was Created
In 1867, the Department of Education (DOE) was founded to "collect information on schools and teachers that would help the states establish effective school systems" (U.S. DOE, 2017). The DOE led to the passing of educational amendments such as the Second Morrill Act, and ultimately, Title VI of the Civil Rights act. This legislation proved that equal access to education has become an important mission of the DOE (U.S. DOE, 2015). -
(References) [The Original Department of Education was Created]
[School Segregation Banned Headline ]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archives.gov
/files/publications/prologue/images/spring-2004-school-headline.jpg U.S. Department of Education. (2017). Federal Role in Education. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/overview/fed/role.html U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html -
Second Morrill Act
The Second Morrill Act required states with racially segregated higher education systems to provide a land-grant institution for black students whenever a land-grant institution was established for white students (U.S. DOE, 2015). This act resulted in the creation of new black public institutions the amount of access African Americans had to a formal education (U.S. DOE, 2015). -
(References) [Second Morrill Act]
[The Second Morrill Act Seal ]. (n.d.). Retrieved September 03, 2017, from https://farm1.staticflickr.com/269/19724190251
_7923f5c84a.jpg U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation. Retrieved September 03, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html -
Plessy v. Ferguson establishes Separate but Equal Doctrine
Homer Plessy was arrested for violating the Separate Car Law in Louisiana (Who 2 Biographies, [n.d.]). On March 5. 1896, the Supreme Court ruled that facilities for blacks and whites would remain separate as long as they provide equal services (Street Law, Inc & the Supreme Court Historical Society. [n.d.]).This doctrine validated racially dual education systems and legalized segregation in schools (U.S. DOE, 2015). -
(References) [Plessy v. Ferguson...] page 1
[Plessy v. Ferguson Political Cartoon] (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from http://supremecrtcases.weebly.com/uploads
/1/3/7/6/13760884/181225596.GIF?533 Street Law, Inc & the Supreme Court Historical Society. (n.d.). Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court. Retrieved from http://landmarkcases.org/en/landmark
/cases/plessy_v_ferguson -
(References) [Plessy v. Ferguson...] Page 2
U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html Who 2 Biographies. (n.d.). Homer Plessy Biography. Retrieved September 03, 2017, from http://www.who2.com/bio/homer-plessy/ -
Brown v. Board of Education Rules Segregation Illegal
Lisa Brown and the Topeka, Kansas NAACP argued that segregated schools did not have equal accommodations and thus made black students feel inferior to white students (Cozzens, 1998). On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown, deeming segregation illegal and overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling U.S. Department of Education, 2015). -
(References) [Brown v. Board of Education]
Cozzens, L. (1998). Brown v. Board of Education. African-American History. Retrieved from September 03, 2017, from http://fledge.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65 U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation. Retrieved September 03, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html -
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act
"The Civil Rights Act authorizes the federal government to aid schools and higher education institutions to deal with problems related to desegregation" (Edwards, [n.d.]). Soon after the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act was created to protect protects individuals from discrimination based on race, color, or national origin in programs or activities receiving Federal financial assistance (U.S. DOE, 2015). -
(References) [Title VI of the Civil Rights Act] page 1
Edwards, C. (n.d.). Department of Education Timeline. Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://www.downsizinggovernment.org/education/timeline-growth [Title VI Definition] (n.d.). Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/51f82234e4b097de73d1a373/t/5821ff68ebbd1a3b77a0f927/1478623084007/TitleVIDef.png -
(References) [Title VI of the Civil Rights Act] page 2
U.S. Department of Education. (2015). Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Higher Education Desegregation. Retrieved September 03, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices
/list/ocr/docs/hq9511.html -
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Subsequent Civil Rights Legislation in Education
Since Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, there has been more legislation about marginalized student populations in education. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, The Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act have been used to protect students of all ages, sexes, and the differently-abled. (U.S. DOE, [n.d.]) -
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(References) [Subsequent Civil Rights Legislation]
U.S. Department of Education. (n.d.). Civil Rights Legislation. Retrieved September 13, 2017, from https://www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/leg/edpicks.jhtml -
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Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
In 2012, former President Obama initiated the DACA program to provide a 2-year deferment from deportation actions for students under the age of 31, who entered the United States before their 16th birthday (Georgetown Law Library, 2017). However, President Donald Trump has announced that he will be rescinding the DACA program, giving Congress six months to make changes before it is repealed (McGuire, 2017). Further legislation will be needed to protect undocumented students in the future. -
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(References) [Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals]
Georgetown Law Library. (2017). Guides: A Brief History of Civil Rights in the United States: DACA and the DREAM Act. Retrieved September 13, 2017, from http://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/c.php?g=592919&p=4170929 McGuire, P. (2017) From anger to action for Dreamers. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2017/09/08/how-colleges-should-respond-daca-rescission-essay
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