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The Soviet Union sent a first satellite into space, Sputnik I. Citation: Archives.gov
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Sputnik 2 was launched with a dog named Laika on board, which did not survive the voyage. Citation: Archives.gov
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Citation: NASA
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Sputnik 5 was launched. It was carrying the dogs Strelka and Belka., who became the first animals to survive a trip into space.
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Yuri Gagarin, a Russian cosmonaut, became the first human in space. Citation: Archives.gov
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Astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space. Citation: Archives.gov
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John Glenn, U.S. Astronaut, became the first American in orbit. Citation: Archives.gov
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Neil Armstrong and "Buzz" Aldrin, U.S. astronauts, became the first men on the moon. Citation: Archives.gov
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The moon rover was driven on the moon for the first time.
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Voyagers 1 and 2 were launched. They both carry a message from Earth. "The Voyager message is carried by a phonograph record, a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk containing sounds (including greetings from 55 different languages spoken on Earth) and images selected to portray the diversity of life and culture on Earth."
Citation: NASA -
Columbia became the first Space Shuttle to be launched. Citation: Archives.gov
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The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded seconds after liftoff. Citation: Archives.gov
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The Space Shuttle Discovery deployed the Hubble Space Telescope. Citation: Archives.org
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The assembly of the International Space Station began. Citation: Archives.gov
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NASA's Curiosity rover successfully landed on Mars, carrying an array of advanced new instruments and experiments.
Citation: Archives.gov