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HyperText
The idea for hypertext (where documents are linked to related documents) is credited to Vannevar Bush's famous MEMEX idea. -
Space War
The first graphical video game was by Slug Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 -
Direct Manipulation Interface
Where visible objects on the screen are directly manipulated with a pointing device, was first demonstrated by Ivan Sutherland in Sketchpad -
RAND tablet
The first pen-based input device, -
3-D CAD
The first 3-D system by Timothy Johnson -
Gesture Recognizer
Teitelman in 1964 developed the first trainable gesture recognizer. -
The Mouse
Was developed at Stanford Research Laboratory as part of the NLS project (funding from ARPA, NASA, and Rome ADC) to be a cheap replacement for light-pens. -
TVEdit
Was one of the first CRT-based display editors that was widely used. -
VR
The original work on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard -
Light Handles
Provided direct manipulation of graphics, a form of graphical potentiometer, that was probably the first "widget." -
AMBIT/G
It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, gesture recognition, dynamic menus with items selected using a pointing device, selection of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. -
Lincoln Wand
The "Lincoln Wand" by Larry Roberts was an ultrasonic 3D location sensing system, developed at Lincoln Labs, also had the first interactive 3-D hidden line elimination. An early use was for molecular modelling. -
UIMS
The first User Interface Management System (UIMS) was William Newman's Reaction Handler created at Imperial College, London -
Hypertext Editing System
The Hypertext Editing System from Brown University had screen editing and formatting of arbitrary-sized strings with a lightpen. -
TECO
MIT's early screen-editor -
The mouse in a movie
Many of the current uses of the mouse were demonstrated by Doug Engelbart as part of NLS in a movie created in 1968 -
Multiple Tiled Windows
Multiple tiled windows were demonstrated in Engelbart's NLS in 1968 -
Mouse-based editing
NLS demonstrated mouse-based editing -
The FRESS project
The FRESS project at Brown used multiple windows and integrated text and graphics -
Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Doug Engelbart's demonstration of NLS included the remote participation of multiple people at various sites -
Idea of Overlapping Windows
Alan Kay proposed the idea of overlapping windows in his 1969 University of Utah PhD thesis -
Electronic Mail
Electronic mail, still the most widespread multi-user software, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became operational in 1969, and by the Ethernet from Xerox PARC in 1973. -
NLS Journal
The "NLS Journal" was one of the first on-line journals, and it included full linking of articles. -
COPILOT
Stanford research on text editor -
EMACS
MIT research on text editor -
Overlapping Windows Appear
They first appeared in 1974 in Smalltalk system at Xerox PARC, and soon after in the InterLisp system. -
Superpaint
The first computer painting program was probably Dick Shoup's "Superpaint" at PARC -
Bravo
was the first WYSIWYG editor-formatter -
Icons
David Canfield Smith coined the term "icons" in his 1975 Stanford PhD thesis on Pygmalion [41] (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and Smith later popularized icons as one of the chief designers of the Xerox Star -
Markup
Developed by William Newman was the first drawing program for Xerox PARC's Alto -
EIES
An early computer conferencing system was Turoff's EIES system at the New Jersey Institute of Technology -
PROMIS
was the first Hypertext system released to the user community. It was used to link patient and patient care information at the University of Vermont's medical center. -
Pong
The first popular commercial game was Pong -
The concept of DMI for everyone
The concept of direct manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisioned by Alan Kay of Xerox PARC in a 1977 article about the "Dynabook" -
VisiCalc
The initial spreadsheet which was developed by Frankston and Bricklin for the Apple II while they were students at MIT and the Harvard Business School. The solver was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithm by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. -
First commercial uses of windows
Some of the first commercial uses of windows were on Lisp Machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics Lisp Machines -
The Interactive Graphical Documents project
The Interactive Graphical Documents project at Brown was the first hypermedia (as opposed to hypertext) system, and used raster graphics and text, but not video -
The Steamer project
The Steamer project at BBN demonstrated many of the ideas later incorporated into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. -
Xerox Star
The first commercial system to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation -
The first commercial mouse
It first appeared commercially as part of the Xerox Star -
The Cedar Window Manager
The Cedar Window Manager from Xerox PARC was the first major tiled window manager -
Windows commercial systems
The main commercial systems popularizing windows were the Xerox Star (1981), the Apple Lisa (1982), and most importantly the Apple Macintosh (1984). -
Trillium
was developed at Xerox PARC -
Apple Lisa
The second commercial system to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation -
Direct Manipulation
Ben Shneiderman at the University of Maryland coined the term and identified the components and gave psychological foundations -
The Diamond project
The Diamond project at BBN explored combining multimedia information (text, spreadsheets, graphics, speech). -
The Movie Manual
The Movie Manual at the Architecture Machine Group (MIT) was one of the first to demonstrate mixed video and computer graphics -
David Kasik
The term "UIMS" was coined by David Kasik at Boeing. -
Andrew window manager
Developed by Carnegie Mellon University's Information Technology Center -
Hyperties
was the first system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages -
Component Architectures
The idea of creating interfaces by connecting separately written components was first demonstrated in the Andrew project by Carnegie Mellon University's Information Technology Center. -
Macintosh
The third commercial system to make extensive use of Direct Manipulation -
The X Window System
The X Window System, a current international standard, was developed at MIT in 1984. For a survey of window managers. -
Resource Editor
The Macintosh included a "Resource Editor" which allowed widgets to be placed and edited. -
SOS Interface
Jean-Marie Hullot created "SOS Interface" in Lisp for the Macintosh while working at INRIA which was the first modern "interface builder." Hullot built this into a commercial product in 1986. -
InterViews
An early C++ toolkit was InterViews, developed at Stanford -
NeXT Interface Builder
Jean-Marie Hullot created NeXT Interface Builder -
World Wide Web
Tim Berners-Lee used the hypertext idea to create the World Wide Web at the government-funded European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN).