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Pioneers in Autism
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Schizophrenia was a term first proposed by Bleuler in his paper “Die Prognose der Dementia Praecox (Schizophreniegruppe)” (1908)
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The schizophrenic is not simply demented, but merely demented with respect to certain questions, at
certain times, and in response to certain complexes” has not been outdated. The first to note a fundamental
problem that still concerns us. -
In 1911 the publication of his monograph Dementia Praecox: Or the Group of Schizophrenias made Bleuler famous.
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Eugene Bleuler always believed that schizophrenia was an organic illness and that it could be inherited.
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Added such concepts as autism, and ambivalence to our store of psychopathological terminology. These concepts are explained in Bleuler’s Textbook of Psychiatry (1916). On autism he wrote: “Schizophrenics lose contact with reality, the mild cases inconspicuously in one respect or another, the severe ones completely”
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He was fascinated by psychoanalysis and was among the first to grant it respectability in psychiatry.
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4 or 5 in 10,000 had Autism
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Invented a new category, which he called Early Infantile Autism, which has since sometimes been called Kanner's Syndrome
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Austrian pediatrician after whom Asperger’s Syndrome is named.
Identified a pattern of behavior and abilities that he called “autistic psychopathy,” meaning autism (self) and psychopathy (personality). The pattern included “a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense absorption in a special interest, and clumsy movements. -
Attributed symptoms of Autism to detached mothers-"refrigerator mothers." Treatment was removal of the children from the mothers and offering psychoanalysis or counseling to the mothers.
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In the 1960s Lorna, with other parents, was deeply involved in the formation of the UK National Autistic Society, aiming to develop better services for children and older people with autism. The organization established the first specialist schools for children with autism and later also adult services.
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American psychologist who , dispelled the theory that autism was an emotional disorder caused by a cold, distant mother in the 1964 book Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior.
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Believed many autistic children had weak immune systems and fragile digestive systems. Developed the first checklist for the social-skills disorder. Cited likely triggers as environmental pollutants, antibiotics that destroyed beneficial bacteria, and childhood vaccines with trace amounts of mercury.
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Rimland also supported a regimen for autistic children that included high doses of vitamin B6 with magnesium, a gluten- and casein-free diet (for certain children), and a system of drills based on reward to modify behaviour. He was the founder in 1965 of the Autism Society of America.
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Schopler and Reichler received a grant in 1966 from the National Institute of Mental Health to research treatment plans for children with autism.
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Schopler’s earlier work suggested that children with autism learn through visual information. Additional studies discovered that
children with autism perform better under structured teaching as compared to unstructured methods. -
(CARS) The Childhood Autism Rating Scale
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Created the Autism Research Institute
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Autsim first appeared in 1967- Trend
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Schopler developed the Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication- Handicapped Children program (TEACCH) based on the findings from his earlier research. The
program began in 1972 and aimed to provide the “clinical services such as diagnostic evaluations, parent training and parent support groups, social play and recreation groups, individual counseling for higher-functioning clients, and supported employment” -
Created the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), a rating scale used to identify children with autism. He also was a co-creator of the Psychoeducational Profile (PEP), a scale that measures the skills and
behavioral abilities of children with autism.
Schopler published more than 200 books and articles and presented
at hundreds of conferences around the world. -
Included parents in the therapy process. This was revolutionary in the field of autism research as parents had previously been excluded from the therapy process.TEACCH became the first state-supported program of its kind.
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Served as a technical advisor for Rainman, the Academy-Award-winning film. Editor of Autism Research Review International. Povided parents and professionals with information about autism treatments and research.
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Dr. Rimland started NSAC in large part to promote "behavior modification" (now known as Applied Behavioral Analysis, or ABA), a treatment then being pioneered by a very controversial young psychologist named Ivar Lovaas.
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"The treatment often has more to do with the belief system of the therapist than the needs of the child." One of the first to draw attention to the wide variability in autism and the individuality and humanity of the condition. What would help one child might not help another and that a personalised approach was essential.
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In 1981, Lorna Wing launched the term Asperger’s syndrome in a scientific paper in Psychological Medicine. She described Hans Asperger’s ‘autistic personality disorder’ and speculated about outcome and aetiology. Thanks to this publication, Hans Asperger’s findings from the 1940s were also introduced to the English-speaking part of the world. Since then, Asperger’s syndrome has become one of the most talked about diagnoses and concepts in clinical medicine.
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Brought applied behavior analysis (ABA) to the attention of the general public, and inspired many students and colleagues to join his quest for ever-more effective treatments.
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In 1987, Lovaas published, “Behavioral Treatment and Normal Educational and Intellectual Functioning in Young Autistic Children” in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. In this article, he reported that children with autism who received ABA intervention achieved much better outcomes than similar children who received little or none of the intervention.
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He described some of his research subjects as having "recovered," a concept that remains controversial but appealed to parents and helped launch an industry that provides the treatment to the growing numbers of children being diagnosed.
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His early work was controversial because it employed electric shocks, delivered with a cattle prod — a technique that he later renounced in favor of milder methods, including the use of food treats, strict orders and access to favorite activities.
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10/10,000 for Autism
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22/10,000 for PDD
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In 1991, together with Judith Gould, under the auspices of the National Autistic Society, she co-founded the Centre for Social and Communication Disorders for diagnosis, assessment and guidance for people of all ages.
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New delineation of the syndrome, a so-called triad of impairments in the areas of social interaction, social communication and social imagination, which later – in a modified form – became the definition of autism. The three problem areas are still referred to as ‘Wing’s triad’.
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Landmark studies on social communication disorders changed the concept of autism.
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The Lancet reported there may be a link between the MMR vaccine and Autism. Wakefield conducted the research.
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10 of 13 scientist of the MMR study retracted their conclusions- Trends and Causes
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Measles epidemic in response to Wakefield's response to MMR vaccine and Autism
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Bristish Medical Journal states Wakefield's data is false-2011
