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13th Amendment
-A new part of the constitution that banned slavery or forced work in any part of the U.S. or lands they rule over, unless it's a punishment for crime
-It occurred in the United States of America
-It was important because it abolished slavery in America, and allowed for the US to enforce it with laws they deemed necessary -
14th Amendment
-Every person who is born or naturalized in the U.S. has full privileges of a citizen and the bill of rights, as well as full protection under the law that can not be taken away without due process, and laws inhibiting them from their rights can not be made.
-It occurred in the United States
-It was important because it granted freedmen citizenship and therefore rights, equal protection under the law, and would be used in many Supreme Court rulings over the years -
15th Amendment
-The right to vote is not to be denied or prohibited to any citizen of the U.S. because of race, color, or previous servitude conditions
-It occurred in the United States
-It is important because it granted African-Americans the right to vote, and also led to the creation of tests in southern states that limited who could vote. -
Plessy vs Ferguson
-The ruling occurred in the Supreme Court based upon a New Orleans event
-It was a case in which Plessy refused to sat in the white's train car and refused to leave. He was then arrested and charged, but petitioned on the bases that his 14th Amendment rights were being violated.
-It lead to the common use of Jim Crow laws in the south, and separate public paces based on race. -
Mendez vs. Westminster School District
-A California court ruling that desegregated California schools because the Mendez children where denied access to the 17th street public school because they didn't look white enough
-Occurred in Orange County, California
-It is important because it paved the way for Brown vs. Board of Education, and made California the first state to ban school segregation -
Brown v. Board of Education
-It was a Supreme Court case based off of the Topeka, Kansas court case
-It was a ruling on the case about segregation within public school systems, in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation by race in public schools was unconstitutional.
-It was important because it overturned the "separate but equal" ruling which later helped to end forced segregation other places, as well as simply allowing for African-American student to legally be allowed admission to any public school. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
-It occurred in Montgomery, Alabama
-It was a 381 day boycott of Montgomery buses led by MLK in response to Rosa Park's arrest for not giving up her seat to a white man
-It was important because it lead to the integration of buses, and helped to gain African-Americans more civil rights -
ICC desegregation of buses, train lines, and waiting rooms
-It occurred in the United States, and in the federal government
-It was the ICC ban on interstate segregated buses, train lines, and waiting rooms
-It was important because it was a new extension of civil rights, and showed that some segregation laws were unconstitutional -
Little Rock 9
-It occurred in Little Rock, Arkansas
-It was when 9 black high school students tried to attend Central High after schools were to be integrated. They were blocked from attending for 3 weeks, and eventually the US Army had to walk them into school. They were harassed within school but continued to go.
-It was important because they were taking one of the biggest steps in the integration of southern public schools, and showed the ending to some segregation practices. Helped to facilitate change. -
Sit-ins
-It occurred at a lunch counter at Woolworth in Greensboro, North Carolina
-It started when 4 black college students sat a white-reserved counter and politely reused to leave when asked to. This continued and sparked 30+ other sit-ins.
-It was important because it led to more students creating their own peaceful protests that eventually helped raise encouragement for them and increase their cause -
Children's Crusade
-Occurred in Birmingham, Alabama
-It was when 1,000 students skipped classes to march to downtown Birmingham, Alabama from Sixth Street Baptist Church. After meeting police forces hundreds were arrested, but when hundreds came again the next day Bull Connor had police and fire departments forcibly stop the demonstration. Kids then were beaten, attacked by dogs, and sprayed with fire hoses
-It created global outrage, and led to the Civil Rights Act, and JFK's support on civil rights legislation -
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
-It occurred in front of the Lincoln Memorial at Washington, D.C.
-It was an attempt to gain attention for the challenges and inequalities that African-Americans faced. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I have a dream" speech, and +250,000 people were there.
-It was important because it helped to gain support and recognition for the civil rights movement as well as becoming one of the most famous events in history. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
-Was an act signed in by Johnson that ended segregation in public places, and banned discrimination based on religion, color, race, sex, or native origin for employment.
-Occurred everywhere in the US and in the government
-It was important because it gave African-Americans more civil rights, and helped later produce equal rights for more minorities. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
-Was an act signed by Johnson that put an end to voting practices that prevented African-Americans from voting
-It occurred everywhere in the US and in the government
-It was important because it gave African-Americans their full 15th amendment rights, increased voting turnout in the south, and is considered one of the the U.S.'s most far-reaching civil rights act. -
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
-It occurred in Memphis, Tennessee
-It was when Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated by James Earl Ray on his Memphis motel balcony.
-It was important because he was such a large part of the civil rights movement that it set back their movement and forced them to have to rebuild. It also lead to violent eruptions -
Fair Housing Act of 1968
-It occurred in the United States, and the government
-It's an act that prohibits discrimination while purchasing, renting, or financing a house, based on national origin, sex, religion, or race.
-It is important because it is seen as the last great civil rights era legislation, it allowed for African-Americans to have the option of other housing, and increased their urban population.