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Between the 1940s and the 1950s, America was concerned about the threat of communism growing in Eastern Europe and China. The subsequent Cold War helped to start a second and longer Red Scare. Some internation events helped lead to this, even the USSR refused to allow free elections in Eastern Europe after WWII. The Berlin Blockade/Airlift and the Korean War was also part of the Red Scare.
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The G.I Bill came to be signed by president Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944. It offers WWII veterans low interest rates on houses, a paid college tuition, and business loans. This bill is still in work today, establishing hospitals, and covering expenses.
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This was Winston Churchill's most famous speech where he described the new Soviet domination of Eastern Europe. In 1944-1945, the Soviet armies established a Communist government across Easter Europe closing it off from the West: Iron Curtain. Yugoslavia was one with some independence, though it had a Communist leader.
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The American policy of "containment" later expanded into the policy Truman Doctrine. It was first utilized in Greece and Turkey in the late 1940s. It guaranteed to provide support like money and military supplies. By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. The doctrine also helped countries fight communism.
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Following the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan was introduced. It was a massive aid program by George Marshall to rebuild Europe from debts of World War II and restore faith in capitalism. Make Europe rich and strong again and prosperous enough to resist communism. The plan applies to Western Europe only. American labor, farming, and manufacturing practices (technology) sent to Europe.
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In an effort to propose communism upon the Germans, the Soviet Union closed all travel routes and water/sewage systems to Berlin. The Berlin Airlift is a U.S. effort to deliver supplies, including two million tons of food and coal by air to West Berlin in 1948-1949. This was a response to the Soviet blockade of the city. Stalin had ordered a blockade where all supplies were cut off. In May 1949, Stalin lifted the blockade.
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The Fair Deal were proposals put by U.S. President, Harry S. Truman to Congress. In 1949, Truman proposed a package of reforms- the Fair Deal. Truman was able to get some gains in public housing, minimum wage, and Social Security increases. The Fair Deal was a domestic program that called an end to job discrimination against African Americans.
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Between WWII, the Japanese had control of Korea's natural resources. The war was fought between North Korea (Soviet Russia) and South Korea (U.S., UN). After the war ended , they hoped to be their own nation, but the allies split them where the Soviet controlled the North and the U.S. controlled the South. 44000 Americans died to keep communism "contained." The war proved that the U.S. is willing to go to war to halt communism.
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Elvis Presley was born in 1935 in a poor family living in East Tupelo, Mississippi. Elvis loved music as a teen but was forced to become self-taught. He began getting attractions for is music in 1954. He had his own distinctive style and of others like Black rhythm-and-blues songs. Dance moves associated with this genre led people to belive they were sexually suggestive. In 1956, Elvis became a national hit for other terms
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The sensational group Bill Haley and the Comet became a hit for their song "Rock Around the Clock.* This song stayed number one for eight weeks and sold roughly about twenty-five million copies around the world. Before their release of the song, rock n' roll was repeatedly thrown out because of its bad influence on teenagers. Bill Haley and the comets is said to change the culture of Americans and worldwide.
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The movement started in the late 1950s, after WWII. It is a rise in artists, novelists, and poets. They rejected American materialism and culture, home ownership, careers, and marriage. They believed in individual freedom and pleasure: drugs and sex. This generation is the foundation of hippies and war protests in 1960s. They borrowed slang from the black community like "dig it" and "man"
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Was born on December 5, 1932 in Macon, Georgia. It is said that his songs from the mid-1950s defined the early rock n' roll era. His enthusiasm turned songs into huge hits and impacted bands like the Beatles. In 1955, Richard signed up with Specialty Records producer Art Rupe. In addition to his songs, Little Richard appeared in several rock films.
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7 year old Linda Brown lives 6 blocks from white elementary school but is forced to walk 21 blocks to the black elementary school - her father tries to enroll (with other parents) Linda and other black children - this group became the NAACP - loses court case and takes it to supreme court with 4 other cases.
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In the year of 1955, about 75% of the population had a black and white TV. It was now entertainment where one was able to watch the news. The shows "I Love Lucy" and "Father Knows Best" began setting the ideal families showing obedience and hard work. Politicians utilized the television as power, for example, the Kennedy v. Nixon debate, John F. Kennedy knew about physical appearance would allow him to appear more presidential.
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Jonas Salk was a scientist and doctor. He was born in October 28, 1914 at New York, New York. He attended various universities like the University of Michigan, City College of New York, New York University, and College of Medicine. In 1947, he began researching on polio at the University of Pittsburgh. On April 12, 1955, the vaccine was released in the U.S. The oral vaccine was available in 1961. About two years later, he established the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.
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Dr. Albert B. Sabin is best known as the developer of the oral live virus polio vaccine. It was tested outside of the U.S. from 1957-1959. Soon, a successful vaccine was used to treat polio across the globe. As well as dedicating his entire professional career to eliminate human suffering, Dr. Sabin also waged a campaign against poverty. He is known to bring peace and fighting diseases by cooperating internationally.
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Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friend. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him. The Murders weren’t charged as guilty and later confessed to the murder after the trial. His mother left his casket open so that everyone would see what then killers had done to her son and his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.
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Like many other artists, Ike Turner made his upcoming because of R&B. He was born in Mississippi, and grew up listening to blues. Twenty-five years later, he married a singer Anne Mae Bullock and helped her create her stage persona, Tina Turner. They both created several hits and won a Grammy Award in 1971. Ike Turner struggled with a drug addiction and died of a cocaine overdose in December 12,2007.
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A competition between Soviet Union and the U.S. and the U.S. for power and supremacy. Both nations focused on winning firsts in the space exploration. This seemed necessary for national security. The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and the president of the U.S. wanted to prove their scientific superiority. Both countries believed that conquering outer space was very important. The primary goal was to get to the moon first.
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Established a Civil Rights Commission, but had little real effect and was mostly symbolic. this act created the United States commission on civil rights to investigate systematic discrimination in areas such as voting. This was the first civil rights law since Reconstruction.
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a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement
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The Governor who opposed the integration of Central High, Sent the Little Rock National Guard to keep them out. Then gave them no protection at all., He is best known for his 1957 stand against the desegregation of Little Rock public schools during the Little Rock Crisis, in which he defied the United States Supreme Court by ordering the Arkansas National Guard to stop African American students from attending Little Rock Central High School
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Earl Warren was a controversial Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953-1969. He led the Court in a far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes; presided over the Brown v. Board of Education case. Court created when Eisenhower appointed the previously conservative Earl Warren over William J Brennan Jr. The court became a vehicle for social change and individual rights.
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A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by post war liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges around the world.
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The Soviet weapons began to import to Cuba. Kennedy reacted to warning that the U.S. would not tolerate the offensive weapons in Cuba. The crisis was a 13-day confrontation between the Soviets and USA over ballistic missiles placed in Cuba. Aerial photos showed continued construction of missile sites. Kennedy then receives a letter offering a negotiation of this with removal of blockade and invasion. The outcome of the crisis caused Cuba to remain communist and heavily armed
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According to government investigations, he was the sniper who assassinated JFK. He was an ex-marine who defected to the Soviet Union. He lived in the Soviet Union until June 1962. Oswald was initially arrested for the murder of police officer Tippit, who was killed 45 minutes after JFK was shot. Oswald would later be charged with the murder of Kennedy. Two days later, while being moved from police to the county jail, Oswald was shot and murdered.
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Lyndon B. Johnson was the Senator from Texas and was John F. Kennedy's running mate in the 1960 election. He was sworn in as president after Kennedy's assassination, and he managed a dignified and efficient transition, pledging continuity with his predecessor's policies. He quickly shed the conservative coloration of his Senate years to reveal the latent liberal underneath. "No memorial oration or eulogy" Congress passed the land mark Civil Rights Act of 1964
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A student protest that started as the Free Speech movement in California and spread around the world. All members of the Anti-War Movement shared an opposition to war in Vietnam and condemned U.S. presence there. They claimed this was violating Vietnam's rights. This movement resulted in growing activism on campuses aimed at social reform etc. Primarily a middle-class movement which is considered cultural.
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Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers.
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The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing was an act of white supremacist terrorism which occurred at the African-American 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama on Sunday, September 15, 1963, when four members of the Ku Klux Klan planted a minimum of 15 sticks of dynamite attached to a timing device beneath the front steps of the church.
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John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald. Kennedy was visiting Dallas to start gathering support for the upcoming presidential election of 1964. Kennedy's assassination and funeral became a defining moment for that generation as the nation was caught up in grief and watched Kennedy's state funeral on television. His brief presidency was viewed as a high point of the postwar era and cast its influence on American politics during the 1960s and the 1970s.
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Lyndon B. Johnson's campaign ran the now classic television ad called "Peace Little Girl, starring a little girl named "Daisy" counting down daisy petals she was picking, Soon followed by a narrator counting down a nuclear launch. This was meant to portray his GOP opponent, Barry Goldwater, as a reckless extremist whose election would lead to nuclear war, it only ran once as an advertisement, however news programs would air it later one as well.
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He was a republican nominee who was a very conservative senator in Arizona. In the 1964 election he managed to receive a large popularity of over 61%. However, he managed to only carry his home state and five other states in the deep south. His platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964. Lyndon B. Johnson ended up winning against and was headed toward filling many of his goals
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Also known as the second wave of feminism is a term that refers to the 1960's Women's Liberation Movement that campaigned for equal rights on issues such as employment, marital relationships, and sexual orientation. Founded by Robin Morgan, who was active in civil rights and antiwar movements in the 1960s prior to founding many radical feminist activist groups, health networks, and foundations.
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Hippies believed in anti-materialism, free use of drugs, they had a casual attitude towards sex and anti-conformity. During the mid 1960s the hippies practiced free love and took drugs, flocked to San Francisco because of its low rent and interracial communities. They lived in communal "crash pads", smoked marijuana and took LSD, sexual revolution, new counter culture. Protesters who influence U.S. involvement in Vietnam.
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Invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap
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an African-American organization established to promote Black Power and self-defense through acts of social agitation. It was active in the United States from the mid-1960s into the 1970s.The Black Panther Party achieved national and international presence through their deep involvement in the local community. The Black Panther Party was an auxillary of the greater movement, often coined the Black Power Movement.
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Nixon calls national solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to gather support for his policies; his call for support is an attempt to blunt the renewed strength of the antiwar movement. Pledged that the U.S. was “going to keep our commitment in Vietnam”. That group of quiet honest hard-working middle class Americans who do their job, respect their country and support gov.; Nixon wants their votes in 1968 and 1972
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In June 1969, police officers raided this Inn, which was a gay nightclub in New York, and began arresting patrons for attending the place. Gay onlookers taunted the police and then attacked them. Someone started a fire in the Inn, almost trapping people inside. This marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement. New organizations also began to rise up, like the Gay Liberation Front, which was founded in New York
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Was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States serving from 1969 to 1986. Was nominated by Richard Nixon to succeed Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Burger won Senate confirmation. He sought to improve the administration of the federal judiciary. He presided over major cases involving abortion, affirmative action, the death penalty, and school desegregation. he was responsisble for bringing the Court somewhat back to the right after the Earl Warren years
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Audio where Nixon secretly recorded 3,700 hours recordings of conversations between U.S. President Nixon and his administration officials, Nixon’s family members, and White House staff. This played a big role in his resignation of presidency .18 ½ minute gap due to error by secretary had to be turned over in decision of the United States. 64 tapes with 200 hours connected to Water Gate.
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An amendment to design and guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. Seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. Would express a permanent, uniform, and national standard for eliminating sex discrimination by govt at all levels. Would ensure strict scrutiny. It got media time on these issues which meant public attention on gender inequalities and more discussion.
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1971 was when she became the leader of the pro-family movement. She started her own national volunteer organization called Eagle Forum. She had a 10-year battle and had a victory once the Equal Rights Amendment was established as she fought with the radical feminist movement. Defied tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60's.
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Federal civil rights law that was passed as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. Prohibits discrimination based on sex in any federally funded education program or activity. Avoids the use of federal money to support sex discrimination in education programs. The court held, by a vote of 9 - 0, that a plaintiff who brings a sex discrimination claim under Title IX
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landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions. Sarah Weddington, an attorney from Texas, was the lawyer who argued for legalized abortion before the high court. First time that the constitutional right to privacy “is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy”
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The advancement of principles of free enterprise, limited government, individual freedom, traditional American values, and a strong national defense. An American conservative public policy think tank based in Washington D.C. Issued policy proposals and attacked liberal legislation and the permissive culture they claimed it had spawned
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Began when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan. They carried out guerrilla warfare that drivers the Soviets out. During December 1979, the Soviet Union sent thousands of troops to Afghanistan and assumed complete military and political control of Kabul and large portions of the country. When Mikhail became leader of the Soviet Union, he wanted the war to end by increasing Soviet troops. This didn't work, and instead caused costed the economy.
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Founded the Black Entertainment Television (BET) with his wife and became the first African- African billionaire after selling the network to Viacom in 2001. He has since started a new business, the RLJ Companies, and has invested in an NBA team, a film company, and political causes and campaigns
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Prominent American political organization associated with the Christian right and Republican Party. They were a strong support group of conservative candidates. Founded by a Baptist minister named Jerry Falwell and his associates but was soon dissolved in the late 1980's. development of Protestant fundamentalism, they became energized about politics and social actions. Jerry Falwell was the leader in the Moral Majority movement; intention of bringing conservatives into politics.
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A diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States. 52 diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days. A group of Iranian students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, taking more than 60 American hostages. It stirred patriotic sentiment in Iran that allowed the Islamic government to consolidate its power, and drove the United States into the arms of Saddam Hussein, who we supported in the Iran-Iraq war because we were so angry at Iran
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The network first aired 1980. Its founder, who was a former lobbyist for cable television industry in the 1970's. In that capacity, Johnson quickly recognized the dearth of television programming designed from the African American public and created BET to reach that demographic audience.
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An election of Ronald Reagan (Republic) defeating Jimmy Carter (Democrat). This is due to Carter’s unpopular and poor relations among the Democratic leaders. Reagan campaigned to increase defense spending, implementation of supply-side economic policies, and a balanced budget. Reagan won easily and was very popular, Carter won only six states and the District of Columbia, putting the Republicans back in control for the first time in 25 years.
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During the campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan announced a recipe to fix the nation's economic mess. Federal economic policies of the Reagan administration. These policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side tax cuts, and domestic budget cutting. Their goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth. The bulk of the cut would be concentrated at the upper income levels.
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It was a new language that rose from the streets as it spoke about the parties and the good times that were happening on every block. Rappers moved crowds with their unique verses and soon became something big as it rose and came from the black community. Some famous artists groups are the Beastie Boys, LL Cool J, and Run D.M.C.
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The number of dish owners grow, cable companies, and cable services began to view them as “pirates” who were stealing signals. This gave dish owners an advantage to automatically receive the pure signal to a stereo amplifier. It was also a vast marketer for new fashions and products. It created a popular image of the american life.
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The 40th President of the United States. He was part of the republican party and cut taxes, increased defense spending, negotiated a nuclear arms reduction agreement with the soviets, and is credited with helping to bring a quicker end to the Cold War during his term. He also completed two-terms. Reagan treated the epidemic A.I.D.S as a joke. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War; responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
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Aired with the words “Ladies and gentlemen, rock and roll”, spoken by John Lack, and played over footage of the first space shuttle launch countdown of Columbia and the launch of Apollo 11. Soon it showed the top 40 radio, video disc jockeys, and bantered about music news between the clips. Started in small market of New Jersey on cable and became a sensation; a generation of kids grew up watching music videos
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Intended to develop a sophisticated anti-ballistic missile system in order to prevent missile attacks from the other countries, especially the Soviet Union. They released a movie titled “Star Wars” because it caused the public to easily associate the program with new and creative technologies. a land or space based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.
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Was a foundation for the Reagan administration’s support of “freedom fighters” or anti-communists around the globe. It was for the American people and congress to stand up to the Soviet Union. Oppose the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War; U.S. provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "rollback" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; opening the door for capitalism
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A political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of Reagan’s Administration. It was a secret U.S. government arms deal that freed some American hostages held in Lebanon but also funded armed conflict in Central America. This threatened to bring down the presidency of Ronald Reagan. Several Reagan administration officials were convicted of federal crimes as results
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Prior to assuming the presidency, Bush served as the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. While active in the public sector, he was known simply as George Bush; since 2001, he has often been referred to as George H. W. Bush.
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The Cold War began to show across Eastern Europe. In 1987, President Reagan gave a speech in Berlin asking the leader of the Soviet Union to bring down the wall. At this time, the Soviet Union was already starting to collapse. Then, the borders opened and people moved freely between Eastern and Western Germnay. Most of the wall was brought down because of people chipping away as they celebrated an end to divide Germany. Finally on October 3, 1990, Germany was made into one country.
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International conflict that was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 1990. Egypt and several other Arab nations joined the anti-Iraq coalition and contributed forces to the military buildup, known as Operation Desert Shield. Iraqui leader Saddam Hussein ordered the invasion and occupation of neighboring Kuwait in early August 1990. Hussein defied United Nations Security Council demands to withdraw from Kuwait.
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Rodney King was an African American who became a symbol of racial tension in America, after his beating by Los Angeles police officers in 1991 was videotaped and broadcast to the nation. That led to riots, the riots over five days in the spring of 1992 left more than50 people dead, and more than 2000 injured.
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The United States presidential election of 1992 had three major candidates: Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush; Democrat Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on November 1992. Democrat Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas, and several minor candidates.
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Is a ban on gay and lesbian service members is officially in the dustbin of history. For 17 years, the law prohibited qualified gay and lesbians Americans from serving in the armed forces and sent a message that discrimination was acceptable. As the nation's attitude about homosexuality shifted, a movement grew to repeal the "don't ask, don't tell" policy.
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It was a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, when a truck bomb detonated below the North Tower of the World Trade in New York City. It failed to do so but killed six people and injured over a thousand. The bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Center's main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. The bomb caused smoke to rise the 93rd floor of both towers, including the stairwells.
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In 1996, after constructing two welfare reform bills that were vetoed by President Clinton, Gingrich and his supporters pushed or the passage of the Personal Responsibility and work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), a bill aimed at substantially reconstructing the welfare system.
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The election pitted Republican George W. Bush against Democrat Al Gore.mandate a recount. The outcome of the election was ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore. Bush narrowly lost the popular vote to Democrat Al Gore but defeated Gore in the electoral college.
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Was a decision of the United States Supreme Court that settled a recount dispute in Florida's 2000 presidential election. On December the court had preliminary halted the Florida recount that was occurring. Bush lost popular vote to former Vice President Al Gore in 200 but won the electoral vote for U.S. president. Bush won the Florida Supreme Court was ruled unconstitutional.
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A federal law that provides money for extra educational assistance for poor children in return for improvements in their academic educational assistance for poor children in return for improvements in their academic educational assistance for poor children in return for improvements in their academic progress. It authorizes several federal education programs that are administered by the states. The law is a re-authorization of Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
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The ongoing campaign by the United States and some of its allies to counter international terrorism; also called war on terrorism. Homeland Security is the department created to fight the war on terror.This is also known as the Global war. This was launched by the U.S. government after the September 11 attacks in the U.S. in 2001.
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A run-up in housing prices fueled by demand, speculation, and exuberance. Housing bubbles usually start with an increase in demand, in the face of limited supply, which takes a relatively long period of time to replenish and increase. Speculators enter the market further driving demand. How did it "pop", this happens while the supply of housing is still increase. In other words, demand while increase, resulting in fall in prices.
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Act of Congress that was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001. With its ten-letter abbreviation expanded, the full tittle is "uniting and strengthening America By Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. The USA Patriot Act was passed by Congress as a response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.
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An american political philosophy that stresses using traditionally conservative techniques and concepts to improve the general welfare of society. The term itself is often credited to U.S. historian and politician Doug Wead, who used it as the title of a speech in 1979, although its origins lie in paternalism. This label and philosophy has times it has been strongly associated with former U.S. President George W. Bush
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Refers to the worsening economic conditions affecting lower earning sections of the population in the United States, Western Europe and other advanced economies starting around 1981. These deteriorating conditions include rising inequality; and these conditions has been by no means uniform. Specific trends vary depending on the metric being tracked, the country, and which specific demographic is being examined.
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Sotomayor became the first Hispanic Justice and third woman on the U.S. Supreme Court. Through hard work and dedication, she has accomplished everything she has set out to do. She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on August 2009 by 68-31 vote and was commissioned by President Obama the same day. She was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts on August 2009
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Was a 1993 health care reform package proposed by the administration of President bill Clinton and closely associated with the chair of the task force devising the pan, First Lady, of the United States Hillary Clinton. Is a general rubric used for discussion major health policy creation or changes. Health care reform typically attempts to improve the access to health care specialists.
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The defense of Marriage Act is a 1996 law passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton, that forbids the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Oral arguments were heard on March 2013. In a 55-4 decision on June 2013, the Court ruled Section 3 of DOMA to be unconstitutional declaring it "a deprivation of liberty of the person protected by the Fifth Amendment."
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The federal government must recognize the legal marriage of same-sex couples. Because of Section 2 of DOMA, the ruling does not require any state to legalize or recognize a lawful marriage from another state. On December 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. Oral arguments were heard on March 2013. In declaring it "a deprivation of the liberty of the person protected by the fifth amendment.
