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Sinking of the RMS Titanic
The Titanic disaster exposed social inequality, as first-class passengers had a much higher survival rate than those in third class.
It caused global outrage and led to international maritime safety reforms.
The event became a symbol of luxury, class division, and the limits of technological progress. -
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Spanish Civil War
A major conflict between Republicans (left-wing) and Nationalists (right-wing, led by Franco). Resulted in the fall of the Second Republic and the establishment of Francisco Franco’s dictatorship, which lasted until 1975. Reflected broader 20th-century ideological clashes: fascism vs. democracy, communism vs. capitalism -
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Mass Rural-to-Urban Migration
During the post-war era and the "Spanish Miracle," millions of Spaniards migrated from rural villages to urban centers like Madrid, Barcelona, and Bilbao. Driven by industrial job opportunities and mechanization of agriculture. Caused rapid urbanization, the rise of working-class neighborhoods (often poorly planned), and major demographic shifts. Contributed to social changes like increased education, consumerism, and the breakdown of traditional rural lifestyles. -
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The “Spanish Miracle”
A period of rapid economic growth and modernization after the implementation of the Stabilization Plan of 1959. Spain transitioned from an isolated, agrarian economy to an industrialized, tourism-driven one. GDP growth averaged around 7% per year, transforming infrastructure, industry, and living standards. Millions of Spaniards migrated from rural areas to cities, and Spain became a major tourist destination. -
Release of The Beatles' Album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Considered a revolutionary moment in modern music and pop culture. Influenced global youth culture, counterculture movements, and the evolution of rock music as an art form. -
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La Movida Madrileña
A vibrant countercultural movement in Madrid after Franco's death. Marked by freedom of expression, creativity, and modernity in music, film, fashion, and art. Symbolized Spain’s transition from dictatorship to democracy and from repression to cultural liberalization. -
Legalization of Divorce
After Franco’s regime, Spain underwent major social reforms. The legalization of divorce was a milestone in the recognition of individual rights and the separation of Church and State. Reflected broader changes in gender roles, family structure, and secularization in late 20th-century Spain. -
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Marked the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe. Symbolized the end of the Cold War and paved the way for German reunification and the expansion of democracy in Europe.