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Department Stores
Department Stores was first opened in 1846. Goods were organized into different departments such as clothing, food, and furniture. There was no bartering. There was money back guarantees and free delivery. People liked the excitement to shop for the experience not just for the deals sort of what we call now window shopping. The five and dime stores came along were they offered large discounts to customers. In the department stores there was discounts for buying in bulk, Sams could be an example. -
Period: to
Transforming the West
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Homestead Act
The government initiated the Homestead act to help populate the West. Settlers would gain 160 acres and they could keep it only if they improved the land and keept it in good conditions for 5 years with a small fee. Landless farmers, former slaves, and single women would typically be the ones who typically accepted this. This was difficult for settlers because the soil was terrible and the weather wasn't in their favor. This act did work in the sense that a lot of settlers moved to the west. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
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Transcontinental Railroad
This was the first railroad built that crossed the nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The two corporations who worked together were the Union Pacific who built west and the Central Pacific built east. These two railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah. The Chinese was the largest group who worked building the railroad. Chinese were exploited along with the Irish and many died.The railroad helped with communication, businesses, traveling and building new towns.It took 6 years to get it done. -
Political Machine
Large cities needed a new political structure. The Political Machine was a corrupt system whose main goal were the rewards of getting and keeping power. This organization controlled election results by giving jobs and other favors in exchange of votes to people. Immigrants in majority kept the voting going. The Ward Boss was the one who ran the political machine. Boss Tweed is argued to be the most infamous ward boss. He was the leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine. -
Laissez Faire
Laissz Faire is an economic policy that advocates government staying out of the business sector. This lets market do whatever they wanted to do and take care of itself, the government didn't implement no regulations or rules. This impacted the working conditions and wages of those who worked in markets/companies. Businesses would take advantage of workers by not paying them enough and them keeping more money to themselves. Working hours were a lot and there was no safety laws for workers. -
Exploitation
Unskilled labor was the largest kind of labor during this time period. This consisted averagely of 12 hours a day and 6 days a week. Unskilled workers wouldn't get paid well. Injuries were common among children and adults because it was too expensive to provide safety for them. There was strict rules placed on employees. Foremen would enforce workplace rules and those who weren't compliant resulted in fines or termination. There was also blacklists that circulated among employers of bad workers. -
Mail Order Catalogues
Aaron Montgomery Ward was the first one who created it for his Montgomery Ward mail order business.This was a way of bringing department stores to rural America where most people lived.The Sears catalogue was also famous which caused competition among him and Montgomery Ward.This was also called the wishbook. The catalogue reached 20 million Americans. The goal for the catalogue was to undercut the middle man. Time zones also came along for the accurate arrival and departure of goods and people. -
Red River War
The Red River War took place on Oklahoma, Texas. Southern Plains Indians were upset over illegal white settlements on their land along with the buffalo devastation. They attacked white settlements, which consequently led to a military campaign in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains. They were forcibly relocated to reservations in Indian Territory. The result ended the Indian dependence on the Southern Plains. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
Battle of Little Big Horn took place on Montana. Gold was found in Dakota; Sioux were ordered to go to reservations which they refused, and which led the government to send the Army. George Custer a officer and cavalry commander led offensive before reinforcement arrived and divided his army into 3. He underestimated the size of the native forces and got slaughtered. The media portrayed Custer as a hero. This became the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat. -
Strikes
The early strikes were for better working conditions and wages. Workers would walk out of their jobs with everyone else and the bosses couldn't stop their businesses so they would raise wages up to get the workers back. The police also had an involvement with strikes, they would routinely brake them up and arrested the ones leading them. Soon when white workers strike, the employers used black laborers as strikebreakers. With the Great Uprising, the National Guard was created as a result. -
Immigration
During the period 1860-1914 immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe, Latin America, Caribbean and Asia. They came to the United States to escape from war, persecution, starvation and other reasons more. When they arrived, they would settle in tenements where they looked after one another and felt little like they were at home. To immigrants America was a dream because they thought that they would be provided with an incredible job, an education for a better future and religious freedom. -
Nativism
During the Gilded Age, Americans once more were weary of immigration. Americans opposed foreigners coming to the United States. Nativist supported many laws to restrict the rights of immigrants. Some of these policies were the Chinese Exclusion Act, the American Protective Association and Literacy Tests. This was a way to "fix" immigration and to keep them from advancing in the U.S. Immigration depots was also a result of nativism, which was the deportation of criminals, diseased, and radicals. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Native Americans
At some point hundreds of Native tribes still roamed around. They had conflict with white settlers who tried to surround them. Native Americans were forced off their land when the railroad was being built. Railroad workers were killing too many buffalo which hurt their culture and which would leave them without food. The Buffalo's were hunted almost to extinction. The government signed more treaties with western natives which protected hunting grounds. This led to the beginning of reservations. -
Chinese
Chinese immigrants were the largest group who helped into building the railroad from California due to the Gold Rush. They would use them to do the most dangerous things for example, explosions were a lot of them died. Chinese faced racism and violence because they were "taking jobs". The Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress on 1882 banned further immigration to the U.S. to protect jobs for whites. this was the first significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. -
Technology
Technology during the Imperial America Era had improvised. There were many factors which helped spur the expansion of America. Communication for example, the telegraphy was now wireless. There was a faster pace of news. Transportation was another thing that further developed. Steam power made quicker traveling. Along with steam engines, the U.S. Navy updated their ships from wood to steel sail. Henry Cabot Lodge helped in improving the U.S. Navy, which would be the 3rd most powerful Navy. -
Pendleton Act
Following the assassination of President James A. Garfield by Charles Guiteau, it brought many Americans attention to the Spoils System. The Pendleton Act was established to break the Spoil System that was created by Andrew Jackson. This reform Act was passed to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States. The Civil Service Reform Act was an exam to get a government position. It established the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
The Buffalo Bill's Wild Show was a form for entertainment in the late nineteenth century. Buffalo Bill was a former scout and buffalo hunter that started his own western show in the eastern U.S. This didn't depicted the reality of western life. The show dealt with Indian fights, cowboys and cattle drives, lassoing, marksmanship and Sitting Bull. This required many former cowboys, sharpshooters and even Indians. Many Americans even to this day get a vision of the west through this show. -
Cattle 1
Cattle was driven from Texas to rail heads in Kansas. A 12-man crew could manage a herd of 2,000 to 3,000 heard. Cowboys needed to drive cattle from Texas to Kansas because there were no railroads connecting Texas to the North yet. Demand for beef in the East brought rapid growth to the cattle industry at the end of the Civil War. Texas ranchers had lots of cattle to sell to cities in the East. Barbed wire became an obstacle because it was put on open ranges which affected the cattle drives. -
Haymarket Riot
The Haymarket Riot took place on May 4 at Haymarket Sq., Chicago. This started off with labor radicals protesting about the killed strikers from Chicago by police. There were 300 police that came to break up the crowd. A bomb exploded near the police, which no one knows who threw it. The police got angry and started to attack the crowd with batons and guns. This ended up with 7 police man dead. The press proclaimed this as a riot because of the bomb. As a result, this damaged the labor movement. -
Dawes Severalty Act
This was meant to help Indians, and lift them out of poverty and integrate them to Assimilation of American Christian society. Whites could buy surplus land. The point of this act was to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land. Many Indians were losing their lands to speculators. They also conned natives out of land by making "deals" about their lands. Another problem was that there was poor farming land and no hunting. The outcome was that it ended up separating the lands of Indians. -
Settlement Houses
The first settlement house was established in Chicago, Jane Addams started this and it was named Hull House. Settlement Houses were established in major cities. Social programs and educational services were provided for immigrants. This made the transitional progress to turn immigrants to "American" much easier. Hull House was the model for other settlement houses. Settlement Houses provided teaching things like cooking, sewing, hygiene, civics, and English, a way to adapt to American Culture. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first law to limit monopolies in the United States passed by congress under the presidency of Benjamin Franklin. This limited any take over's of departments of merchandise. It's intention was to control business monopolies that conspired to restrain the U.S. trade & allowed injunctions. It originally made trusts illegal, and corporations bought politicians. It was essentially useless to tackle monopolies, it was later until Roosevelt that it became successful. -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew was a Scottish-American born on November 25, 1835 and came with his family to the U.S.. He was poor growing up, he worked hard and invested. He was businessman who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry. Carnegie allowed for his company to control all phases of production. He was also one of the most important philanthropists of this era, which is a man who wishes to help humanity. He built many public libraries in order to improve the standard of living of the poor. -
Robber Barons
Robber barons was a nickname for wealthy and powerful businessmen in the 19th century. They were greedy leaders of successful industries that grew rich by shady business practices. They practiced political manipulation and worker exploitation. Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and others were robber barons. However, Carnegie, Rockefeller and Vanderbilt gave back to the people by donating much of their money to charity and learning. Rockefeller and Vanderbilt did the same by establishing schools. -
Period: to
Imperialism
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People's Party/Populist Party
The People's Party emerged in 1891 and injected new ideas and issues in the political system. This third party was formed by farmers, workers, and reformers. Their focus was to fight corruption and greed. Their goal was to eliminate monopolies, so that they could get more money to themselves. The Democrats and Republicans attacked them. They didn't perform well nationally in bringing issues, they on performed well in state and local level. The Peoples/Populist Party came to an end on 1908. -
City Beautiful Movement
The City Beautiful Movement was meant to reduce and eliminate city problems by redesigning them. The problem were the people, because they were the main cause of making the city look unsanitary. Reformers wanted to resolve issues that dealt with sanitation, crime. and overpopulated cities. They believed that making the city pretty it would inspire others to keep it that way. They started building and establishing public squares, large open parks, boulevards, and classical architecture. -
Progressives
Progressives was moving forward with an approach of no sides in politics. This was a philosophical approach not a movement. This approach wanted safety and good health for the people, it wasn't only about wages but the food itself. Progressives believed that the problems society faced could be addressed by providing good education, safety, and an efficient work place. They later fought to end corruption in government and business and worked to bring equal rights to women, temperance included. -
Booker T. Washington
Booker T. Washington was a former slave. He was a prominent black intellectual around 1900. He established the Tuskegee Institute.He believed the only way to get equal to whites was trough economic improvement. He didn't want to get equal rights as a social justice-it wasn't about the race. He was about embracing equally economically with whites and therefore, supported vocational high skilled jobs. Washington didn't want to force equal rights to whites, that they just needed to let it play out. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
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Plessy v. Ferguson
The Plessy v. Ferguson was a Supreme Court case. This case ruled that segregated buildings, restrooms and other facilities for blacks and white did not violate the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment declared that all persons born in the U.S. were entitled equal rights regardless of their race. It established "Separate but Equal". This case was challenging Jim Crow. Jim Crow laws spread across the U.S. and were heavily enforced in the South. Overall, it ruled that segregation was legal. -
Election of 1896
William McKinley was the Republican candidate. On the other hand, William Jennings Bryan ran for the democrat party. One of the debates in this election was between gold and silver. Bryan was for silver and McKinley was for gold. Gold symbolized the rich and silver symbolized the workers. Bryan gave a speech-Cross of Gold Speech which said that workers were being sacrificed because of big business. William McKinley won because his party had the advantages of having money, the press and manpower. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism was America's Media. This was a dramatic, sensationalist and highly exaggerated way to portray stories.They used catching headings to get the people's attention which increased newspaper sales which sometimes weren't true. Yellow Journalism was used against the Spanish making them look bad. They came up with tales of rape and murder in Cuba. The Yellow Press once told about a woman that was abused by the Spanish. William Randolph Hearst was one of the famous yellow journalists. -
U.S.S Maine Incident
The U.S.S Maine was the battleship sent to Havana to protect Americans and their property. On February 15, 1898, the U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 268 men. The media came out and blamed that the Spanish of harboring a mine which led to the Spanish-American War. However, investigations were later made, after the war and it turned out that it was a faulty ship design. Since McKinley was the president during this time he was pushed by the people to declare war on the Spanish. -
Battle of San Juan Hill/San Juan Heights
The Battle of San Juan Hill is one of the important battles of the Spanish-American War and final battles. This battle was led by Theodore Roosevelt and his recruiters the Rough Riders which were a collection of Western cowboys and voluntary cavalry. Americans race to the top of the hill to secure their position. The Yellow Press made Roosevelt famous. Americans surround the Spanish in Santiago; Cuba and the Navy easily destroys Spanish's fleet. At the end Cuba falls in July 1898. -
Leisure
After World War 1, people had more free time and money for leisure activities as a result of the economic and new machinery boom. Americans found satisfaction out off buying goods for example: cars, which gave them a sense of freedom, radios were the TV of the moment where they could hear about news and other activities going on elsewhere. Other goods that were introduced during the 1920's were vacuums and other house hold items. Watching silent films during free time was also popular. -
Open Door Policy
John Hay Secretary of State passed the Open Door Policy on September 6, 1899.It was a statement of principles initiated by the United States.This policy ensured equal access to the Chinese markets for all nations and preserved the unity of the Chinese Empire.The Open Door Policy stopped European colonization of China.It also manages to eliminate much of the power held by other imperialist nations through their spheres of influence.In result of this the Chinese were angry with foreign domination. -
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was about righteous and harmonious fists. China secretly funded and hired Chinese to beat whites in the streets.Terrorist campaigns started to develop which were aimed to Europeans and Americans. Christians were also a target.These campaigns overall attacked foreigners everywhere in China. As a response, the U.S. ensure China wouldn't be taken over. European and American armies were sent to rescue foreigners who eventually put down the rebellion. China was fined $300 million. -
Tenements
Tenements were multiple family dwellings usually 4-6 stories. Dozens of families lived in each. Due that they were poorly ventilated and lit diseases would be common. Since they were overcrowded the rents soared and some eventually they were evicted for falling behind on their payments. Tenements were houses for large numbers of immigrants. A mass population of Irish came to US and settled in tenements which were in cities like New York due to escaping the potato famine along with other groups. -
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism relates to the controversial Theory of Evolution. The rich people were seen as the survival of the fittest being intelligent, strong and adaptable. This meant that they deserved to be wealthy and at the top. The poor people were unfit and underling. People wouldn't care if something happened to them. People advocated against helping the poor if there was more people then that affected others wages by going down. Overall the Darwinist reasoning was to justify wealth as natural. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt has been the youngest president of the U.S. He came to office after the assassination of President McKinley, since he was the Vice President. He was pragmatic putting the peoples interest to his top priority. He field suits against trusts and was eventually the "trustbuster". This strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act which regulated big business like transportation, oil and telecommunications. He broke up the Standard Oil Company by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. -
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment was approved on May 22, 1903. The US could have military intervention in Cuba for the preservation of Cuban independence. The maintenance of a government for "protection of life, property, and individual liberty". This also ensured U.S. intervention permission to enter into international treaties. It also stated that Cuba could not enter into any treaty or other compact with any other foreign power. U.S. had extensive involvement in Cuban International and domestic affairs. -
Roosevelt Corollary
In addition to the Monroe Doctrine the Roosevelt Corollary stated that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to keep the Western Hemisphere safe. The Monroe Doctrine declared Latin America off limits and keeping this would justify the US in exercising international police power. The Roosevelt Corollary took this to justify having the right to exercise military force in Latin American countries whether or not there was a threat; -" Speak softly and carry a big stick". -
Child Labor
Children worked to keep families financially going. The unfavorable working conditions in factories were poor along with the machines being dangerous. They were in harmful environments which affected their health and they also lacked an opportunity for education. People noticed this and wanted to protect the children and get them more involved in education. New laws were passed by the SCOTUS. The employment of children under sixteen years of age was prohibited in manufacturing and mining. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anne Eleanor Roosevelt was the niece of Theodore Roosevelt, married Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1905.She was a politician, diplomat, activist, and is known for serving the longer as the First Lady of the U.S.She gave conferences about human and women's rights, and children’s causes.She also had her own newspaper column known as “My Day”.She also became chair of the U.N’s Human Rights Commission and her greatest achievement was her contribution to writing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. -
The Jungle
The Jungle was written by Upton Sinclair to expose the meat packing industry.He was an American novelist essayist, short story writer and politician.The book talked about rotten meat, severed fingers, and rat feces.The Jungle made people call for change.The impact of The Jungle led Roosevelt to order an investigation on the meat packing industry.The Pure Food and Drug Act passed in 1906 along with The Meat Inspection Act.The government can condemn meat and fine companies for false advertisement. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford built a vehicle all by himself. He wanted to build an inexpensive car to cater it to farmers (benefit the public). The assembly line process made this possible because it reduced the costs of the Model T. It produced more cars for less and passed savings on to consumers. He also passed benefits on to employees. Ford's $5 workday rules were: worked 1 year, men must live with their families, no gambling and no excessive drinking, basically he wanted responsible people in his company. -
W.E.B DuBois
W.E.B DuBois was a black intellectual.He was educated and was the first African American who graduated from Harvard. His way of gaining Civil Rights which was the opposite of Booker T. Washington's movement. DuBois wanted elite professionals and teachers, this was so that they could lead other blacks.He was against vocational workers and wanted immediate Civil Rights by pushing it on whites.He believed that economic betterment wasn't possible without Civil Rights. He was the co-founder of NAACP. -
Angle Island
Angle Island served a similar role to Ellis Island but in the West Coast. Thousands of Chinese immigrated after 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Angle Island opened to help identify immigrants. They went through a 2-step process: physical exam and legal interview, for officials to try and exclude Chinese who falsely claimed to be related with American Citizens. California made it illegal for Japanese immigrants to own property because Americans feared Japanese in the agricultural industry. -
Election of 1912
Theodore Roosevelt runs again as a Progressive against Taft who had the Republicans nominating him. Roosevelt created the Bull Moose Party which progressive republicans followed him. The Democratic presidential nominee was Woodrow Wilson. He was New Jersey Governor. Roosevelt won against Taft but lost to Democrat Wilson. Wilson's New Freedom, he believed that monopolies had to be broken up and that the government must regulate business, in other words business competition and small government. -
Industry
Women during World War were starting to take over jobs in factories because the men were at war overseas. From products the factories started making weapons for the soldiers. Soldiers were put as the country's highest priority. the production in demands of the military were increasing. Everyone wanted to help in the war effort. Steel, agriculture, weapons, mining and energy were some of those who were involved. The steel industry for example produced ships, railways, shells, and submarines. -
Schlieffen Plan
Germany pushed for an invasion of Bosnia. The Schlieffen Plan was a wage to a successful two-front war. An operational plan used by the Germans to take over France and Belgium was carried out in August 1914. This was ambitious because Germany was surrounded by powerful nations. First they had to go after France by invading smaller, weaker, neutral Belgium as the pathway to victory. This plan didn't work because the Russians sped to the west while the British and French were heading to the east. -
Trench Warfare
Trench warfare is opposing troops that fight from trenches that were dug into the ground, facing each other. Troops would rely on this to protect themselves from machine guns and mustard gas. During WW 1 trench warfare was more prominent in the Western Front. The land between the trenches was called "no man's land". Conditions in the Trenches were not nice. There was all sorts of pests living in the trenches, which would cause disease to some of the troops and the moisture caused Trench Foot. -
British blockade of Germany
The British blockades Germany along with the other nations that were with the Central Power: Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire. This blockade affected negatively and poorly Germany because many Germans died due to lack of medicine and starvation. Germany and British were trying to blockade each other however, British was more successful because they had a Royal Navy which was superior in numbers than Germany's. American trade was affected because they benefited more by trading with both sides. -
Period: to
World War 1
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand was the Archduke of Austria-Hungary. His death played a major role in sparking the World War 1. He was visiting Sarajevo, Bosnia when he was killed. The Black Hand was a secret Serbian society (gang) that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation of Serbs. The Archduke was in an open-car, when the Black Hands tried to kill him with a bomb. They weren't successful; Gavrillo Princip a black hand member later that day assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofia. -
The Panama Canal
The Panama Canal became the shortest route between the Caribbean and the Pacific.This canal was started by the French in the 1500s.However, they weren't able to finish because they were not use to diseases and mudslides of the area.They left the Canal project because they didn't have the right equipment and ran out of money.Roosevelt encouraged the Panamanians to rebel since Colombia was resisting.In order for the canal to work it was made through a system of locks and making an artificial lake. -
Temperance
The temperance movement was a political and social movement in the United States during the Progressive Era. Women and some religious leaders were the ones who supported this movement. Alcohol caused numerous social problems in the nation at the time. Some of these problems were unemployment, neglect of children, and domestic violence. A group that supported this movement was The Women's Christian Temperance Union. This was one of many movements that took place during the Progressive Era. -
Ku Klux Klan
Following The Red Scare, due to fear the KKK reemerged and conducted violence against those who weren't Americans. There was Millions of members in the 1920's spreading all over the country. Whites were upset over the Great Migration. They also targeted Jews, Catholics, immigrants, feminists and employed acts of terror to assert white supremacy. Black communities were assaulted by white mobs. There were thousands of lynchings and burnings, Tom Shipp and Abbe Smith were some of all the lynchings. -
RMS Lusitania
The RMS Lusitania event was one of the two events that led the United States into entering World War 1. The RMS Lusitania was a British passenger ship traveling from Liverpool, England to New York. On May 1915 this passenger ship sank by a German U-Boat. 1200 people died 128 of those were Americans that were on board. Germany agreed not to sink unarmed passenger ship unless there was evidence of weapons according to the Sussex Pledge. Since they "violated" this, the Americans were angry. -
Birth Control
Margaret Sanger was a nurse and birth control advocate. She believed children made women improvised. She opened the very first birth control clinic on 1916. Every time she would open her clinic she phased problems with authorities. Eventually, she was arrested for not promising that she was not going to open her clinic in the future. She wanted to educate women in her clinic, for them to avoid the dangers associated with illegal abortion and give advice to women how to not get pregnant. -
Great Migration
The Great Migration was African Americans who fled from the south to the north or mid-west for industrial jobs.They were escaping discrimination, segregation and Jim Crow. It started with 300k and eventually 7 million between 1890-1910. Other pull factors were the need for workers in the north since many other Americans were at war. This however didn't change the fact that whites disliked them. Whites were angry because African Americans were taking all the jobs and so it left whites unemployed. -
Weapons
During WW 1 the weapons industry increased greatly. Mustard Gas attacked the eyes and respiratory system by internally burning the lungs and it caused blistering on exposed skin. It was used to obstruct Trench Warfare. Airplanes were also introduced however, during this time they were limited in use. Tanks were essential because this would break the line or trenches and it induced fear into the enemy. Machine guns could wipe out waves of attackers. Barbed Wire was also used to slow the enemy. -
Zimmerman Telegram
German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann was the one who sent the telegram to Mexico. The Zimmerman Telegram was offering Mexico to join Germany in exchange Germany offered to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. However, the British intercepted this telegram and later directed it to the United States. This was the other part of the puzzle to make the U.S. join WW1 as an associate power. This was all over the newspapers which, led Americans to support the war. American troops arrive 06/1917. -
Spanish Flu
The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 became worldwide. On January 1918 to December 1920, there was 500 million infected globally. Till this day The Spanish Flu has been the deadliest in history. It became known as the Spanish Flu because of the limited censorship of the media. The second flu wave targeted the healthy and young. Americans soldiers were more likely to die from the flu pandemic than in the front lines. 25 million Americans got sick and 65 thousand Americans died at home. -
President Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson took America into World War 1 as a war to make "the world safe for democracy". Wilson's 14 Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War 1. It was about democracy, free trade, disarmament, resolution of territorial disputes, end to secret agreements and reduction of arms and league of nations. He wanted for this to promote lasting peace. Henry Cabot Lodge was a leader against participation in League of Nations. -
First Red Scare
The Red Scare refers to the fear of communism in the U.S. during the 1920's. This was caused by the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the impact of World War 1 in America. The name Red Scare also means the fear that anarchists, socialist and communists were conspiring to start a workers revolution in the U.S. Tensions increased between everyday American people. And they were afraid of associating with someone suspected for communism out of fear that they would get arrested.The economy was dropping. -
Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic movement in the 1920's and 1930's and refers to the "rebirth" of African American intellectual life. This movement showed how African-Americans were improving their lives and it would denounce blacks trying to be white.There was photographers, musicians and writers involved.The Harlem Renaissance was because of people who were going to cities giving a rise to a new mass culture for example the Great Migration. The Apollo Theater was a symbol this movement. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles officially ended WW 1, signed on the anniversary of Archduke's assassination. This treaty was meant to prevent another war. Germany the others defeated were not consulted about the treaty which provoked the Germans. The British and French wanted revenge and wanted Germany to pay the costs they had lost. Germany as a result of this, lost land and the reparation payments put serious financial strain in Germany. They saw this as an attempt to destroy their country. -
Hospitality Industry
New paved roads helped the development of the hotel industry. Those who were traveling stayed at motels that were located on the roadsides. Signs and billboards started to become something popular to advertise places to those who were in the road. Restaurants and gas stations were also on the roadside. Motels and Hotels looked and established themselves where people would typically stay during vacations. This led to beginnings of tourism by encouraging people to tour for short stays or longer. -
Great Depression in Germany
The U.S. depression spread world wide since the nations were so interconnected. Almost half of Germany was unemployed. Germany's Economy in the 1920's was in devastation due to the Treaty of Versailles, the reparations they had to pay and the loosing many of their land. They were going through hyperinflation and their savings were wiped out. Germany was so weak that they were looking for someone that would take them out of their misery. Hitler's radical ideas took hold on the people. -
Period: to
1920s
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18th Amendment
The Temperance Movement did achieve it's goal for a while. The members of this movement were tired of alcoholics hurting women, and disemployment which left the family down. The 18th Amendment effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States. It also declared the production, transport, and sale of alcohol illegal. Police would raid neighborhoods and would smash up wine, beer, and other alcoholic beverages. People wanted society to become more law-abiding. -
19th Amendment
During the WW 1, women started to gain power by taking factory jobs. They then started again to enforce wanting the right to vote because they were tired of not being treated as a true american citizens and equal to man. The 19th Amendment gave women the ability to vote. There was 25% of women in the workforce by 1920. They held positions of secretaries, phone operators, and teaches. Man didn't like this because the amendment gave them even to some extent more equality to them and liberation. -
New Roads
There was 27 million cars by 1930, Model T Fords being the most popular. Roads before the 1920's were typically unpaved and in rural areas they were muddy trails. After World War 1, Americans were eager about the future and their lives. Cars were like freedom to them. Since many Americans owned cars, traffic was a problem. For this reason, new paved roads were build. Later in the 1920's State Highway Patrol was organized. Bridges and tunnels were also built to make the traffic more flowing. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the United States.Some Indians had this citizenship from marrying whites and military service.This was a movement to absorb Indians into the mainstream of American life.However, some were not trying to achieve assimilation.This act didn't allow for Native Americans to vote until the 1940's because the right to vote was governed by the state law.The Act's purpose was to curtail the demand for indigenous identity among Native Americans. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh was the first person to cross the Atlantic in an airplane. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He named his airplane Spirit of St. Louis. He flew non-stop from New York City to Paris in May 1927, it took him 33.5 hours to reach his destination and didn't sleep for 55 hours. The only things he had were a flashlight, robber raft, wicker chair, water, sandwiches, and had no radio or radar. Airplanes became popular and numerous during this time. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Hoover was Americas’ 31st president in 1929. He took office when U.S was going through The Great Depression or when the stock market crashed in 1929. He made polices or procedures to end it took over a decade for the great depression to stop. One of the problem was that he ignored how big of a problem and failed to “leverage the power of the federal government to squarely address it”. The Great depression was which made it a bit worse. In the election of 1932 he was defeated by FDR. -
African Americans
Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Party focused on lower-income groups in the cities such as minorities, immigrants group and the solid south. Great Depression, segregation, racism and discrimination in public places. The PWA, FSA helped needs for African Americans. Eleanor Roosevelt interested in education, and conferences made it clear that she wanted to change system against them and went after the Democrats who avoid this topic. A.A. tended to vote democratic during The Great Depression. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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The Crash
“The Crash” also known as the Black Tuesday was on October 20, 1929. It was at Wall Street, on New York Stock Exchange in a day, billions of dollars were lost, and this created chaos around America. This brought U.S economy to drastically go down causing The Great Depression which is known as the “longest-lasting economic downturn” in history. This caused production declined and unemployment raised. Causing markets to collapse, low wages, debt. Stock prices fell, no profit to pay off loans. -
The Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was around the Southern Plains region of the U.S. This area suffered dust storms during a dry period around the 1930s. There were high winds and choking dust from Texas to Nebraska. People, Livestock were hurt or killed. The Great Depression drove many people out desperate in search for a job and better living conditions. The Homestead Act of 1862, which provided settles with 160 acres of public land which made the Great Plains a great offer which included inexperience farmers. -
Invasion of Manchuria/ Indo-China
This started because of invading Manchuria was for natural resources. Japanese army seized the whole Manchuria, as an excuse they said that Chinese troops had sabotaged the Southern Manchurian Railway, which was in Japans control. In 1936 Japan signed a pact with Germany and then in 1937, Japan invaded China and in 1941 it invaded Indo-China. They killed 6 million Chinese. The U.S. replied by banning trades with Japan, which was critical since Japan depended on America for oil and Iron -
Election of 1932
Election of 1932 candidates for the democratic party was Franklin D. Roosevelt while the republican party was Herbert C. Hoover. Franklin D. Roosevelt won by 472 electoral votes while Herbert C. Hoover only 59. This campaign was during The Great Depression and Herbert C. Hoover was the one blamed for The Great Depression and the people wanted to see improvement or a change on the economy leading most states to vote for Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated him. F.D.R was the the 5th cousin of Teddy. -
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Federal Emergency Relief Act was under the New Deal. This was going to use against the Great Depression. This was a fund of 5000 million to reconstruct finance and help the unemployed. The funds would help does hurt by the depression and provide work for the employed people and create programs.The federal government gave grants to the state government for them to build projects such as agriculture, construction, education etc. This was to create jobs and reestablish the economy little by little. -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established in 1934 to regulate stocks, bonds and other securities.This would improve the Great Depression by creating reforms.This would regulate trading of securities were virtually didn’t exist, and would control the stock interest.It will also regulate “exchanges, brokers, and over-the counter markets” and monitor financial disclosures.It would require small companies and set up federal commission to regulate “utility rates and financial practices”. -
Public Works Administration (PWA)
This was another branch of the New Deal whose goal was to reduce unemployment and increase projects(jobs) in 1933. This cost billions of dollars to be spent on the construction of public works to established employment and “stabilize purchasing power, improving welfare” to revive U.S. economy. They funded projects such as airports, electricity-generating dams, aircraft carriers, 70% of the new schools and 1/3 of hospitals”. It wasn’t that successful even, so it was abolished in June 1941. -
21st Amendment
This is found on the eighteenth article of amendment to the constitution of the United States. This 21st amendment was ratified in 1933 is the only one that repeals a previous amendment, the eighteenth Amendment (ratified in 1910) which prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors.Only amendment that was ratified not by the legislatures of the states but by the state ratifying conventions. Alcohol was legal again. It was the admission of the failure of prohibition. -
Hitler
Hitler was a natural orator and was charismatic. He was sent to spy on the Nationalist Socialist Party, but instead he liked their idealism and took leadership of NAZI. He tried to attempt coup of the Wiemar Republic, but was arrested for treason and spent 9 months in jail. He wrote a book, where he blamed all problems on the Jews and how he wanted territory in Eastern Europe. He became Chancellor but later became Fuhrer and established the Third Reich. They stripped Jews of citizenship. -
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World War 2
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Battle of the Atlantic
The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest and most complex naval battle in history.Germans sank over 100 ships a month.The Allies and Axis Powers were fighting for control of the Atlantic Ocean.The main weapons the allied side used in this battle were warships, land artillery and armed merchant air planes.The allied powers the battle wanted blockade the axis powers and the freedom to project military power across the seas.At first the Germans were in favor, in 1943 it favored the Allies. -
Allied Powers
The Allied Powers consisted of Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States. Franklin d. Roosevelt and Harry Truman were the leaders of the U.S. They were neutral at the start of the war but, after the attack in Pearl Harbor they entered the war. Winston Churchill leader of Britain was one of the first to fight trying to talk into peace with Germany. Charles de Gaulle was leader of France, they declared war on Germany after the invasion of Poland. And Joseph Stalin of U.S.S.R. -
African Americans in War
African-Americans played much bigger role in WW 2 than WW 1. The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African American pilots in the military that fought in Europe. They were trained under General Benjamin Davis. They were one of the most decorated air units. Even tough they were fighting in unity with whites, they were still heavily discriminated against. Vernon J. Baker was the first living African-American awarded the Medal of Honor. They would prove others that they could fight just like whites. -
Pearl Harbor
Following the Invasion of Manchuria, In December 1941 the Japanese air force attacked the American Naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.This was a surprise attack one Sunday morning. This forced the U.S to enter WW 2. Japanese fighter planes and bombers flew and dropped bombs and torpedoes on the war ships, 8 battleships were damaged.They thought that by doing this they would cripple American fleet.However, Aircraft carriers and battleships weren't there.Roosevelt declared war on U.S the next day. -
The Holocaust
Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany and head of Nazi. Jewish people were first forced from their homes into ghettos and had to wear the yellow star. Later concentration camps and extermination were created and many were killed in gas chambers. Soldiers were horrified when the Allies liberated those who were in concentration camps. The victims were, Jews, Poles, Slaves, Gypsies, homosexuals and POWs. 6 million Jews were killed and millions of others were resettled in U.S. or Israel. -
D-Day
D-Day was the day on which the Allied forces invaded France during WW 2. This day happened because France was occupied by Nazis and needed to be freed. This was the turning point in the war. The day of invasion of Normandy was June 6, 1944. Over 9,000 soldiers died. This was the largest air, land and sea invasion in history. Dwight D. Eisenhower tricked Germans on invasion. The Nazi were caught off guard;5 landing point for American, British and Commonwealth troops pushed Nazi back into Germany. -
Atomic Bomb
The Manhattan Project was a top-secret program aimed to put together a working atomic bomb. It took 4 years to make. The Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were dropped on Japan by America. Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima and was small compared to Fat Man which was the second bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki. Fat Man was more destructive than Little Boy. The first bomb was a test on Alamogordo, New Mexico. Food, water and other resources were limited causing more deaths along with Radioactivity
