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Andreas Vesalius publishes the anatomy treatise De humani corporis fabrica. He made this book from common practice and by disecting a human corpse.
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In 1668, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist.
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A spermatozoon is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian Catholic priest, biologist and physiologist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions, animal reproduction, and essentially discovered echolocation.
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Those two gases are carbon dioxide and oxygen. He is usually credited with the discovery of oxygen, having isolated it in its gaseous state, although Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Antoine Lavoisier also have a claim to the discovery.
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The book An Essay on the Principle of Population was first published anonymously in 1798 through J. Johnson. The author was soon identified as The Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. While it was not the first book on population, it has been acknowledged as the most influential work of its era.
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In an 1802 publication, he became one of the first to use the term biology in its modern sense.
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Natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers. It is a key mechanism of evolution.
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Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA and RNA.
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Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, with gene behavior in the context of a cell or organism.
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His most well-known research concerned so-called pure lines of the self-fertile common bean. He was able to show that even in populations homozygous for all traits, i.e. without genetic variation, seed size followed a normal distribution.
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A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells.
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Penicillin antibiotics are historically significant because they are the first drugs that were effective against many previously serious diseases such as syphilis and Staphylococcus infections.
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Androsterone (ADT) is a steroid hormone with weak androgenic activity. It is made in the liver from the metabolism of testosterone.
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He made many key contributions to modern organic chemistry, especially in the synthesis and structure determination of complex natural products, and worked closely with Roald Hoffmann on theoretical studies of chemical reactions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1965.
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Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin that Ernst Boris Chain had previously surmised, and then the structure of vitamin B12, for which she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
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DNA polymerases are best-known for their feedback role in DNA replication, in which the polymerase "reads" an intact DNA strand as a and uses it to synthesize the new strand.
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Insulin is a hormone that is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body.
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A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded or single stranded DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites.
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DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier.
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Gene therapy is the insertion, alteration, or removal of genes within an individual's cells and biological tissues to treat disease.
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Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer.
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The genetic map of the human body's DNA, including chromosomes and genes.
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Poliomyelitis is a viral disease that can affect nerves and can lead to partial or full paralysis.
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Rhazes distinguishes smallpox from measels. He also had the discovery of numerous compounds and chemicals including alcohol and kerosene
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Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his Book of Plants, in which he describes at least 637 plants and discussed plant evolution from its birth to its death, describing the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and fruit. Not only was Al-Dinawari a scientist but also a astronomer, historian and a mathematician.
