-
Computer-driven flight simulator trains MIT pilots.
-
-Learning is an activity that occures inside the mind and can be inferred only by observed behaviors.
-Behaviors are shaped by "contigencies of reinforcement" to shape desired responses: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
B.F. Skinner -
IBM 650 computer teaches binary arithmetic in NYC.
-
Faculty/students in universities across te country use mainframe systems for programming and shared utilities.
-
-Learning is encoding information into memory
-Encoding begins with attention
-Application ensures transfer to memory
-Practice reinforces retention and aids recal
---Three types of stores:
--sensory registers to recieve information
--short-term or working memory to hold it temporarily
--long-term memory to store information indefinately -
-Became common in the 1970s and 1980s
-Learning is fostered by using a system of instruction based on behaviorist information processing, and cognitive behaviorist theories.
-An instructional system is designed by stating goals and objectives; doing task analysis to set a learning sequence; matching assessment and instruction to objectives; creating materials; and field testing and revising materials. -
Large-scale, federally funded university projects use mainframe/minicomputer systems with schools.
-
-Learning is cognitive growth through interaction with the environment
-Children are more likely to understand and remember concepts that they discover during their interactions with the environment.
-Teachers support discovery learning by providing opportunities for exploring and manipulating objects and doing experiments. -
Schools begin using computers for instruction and administration. CDC president William Norris (1977) announces PLATO will revolutionize instuction.
-
Using desktop systems, classroom teachers begin to take back control of instrucitonal and administrative applications from district data-processing offices.
-
Field focuses on software publishing initiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer literacy computers-as-tools approach gives way to Logo's computer-based, problem-solving approach.
-
-Learning is shaped by providing optimal instructional conditions.
-Conditions include the nine events of instruction according to the type of skill being taught and a skills hierarchy approach that presents simple skills and builds to complex ones. -
-Learning is shaped by innate intelligences:
-Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist -
Schools begin to see ILS networked systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address required standardsl marks movement away from stand-alone systems and toward central server with connected computers.
-
-Became popular in the early 1990s/
-Learning is individual growth that comes about through social experiances.
-Growth is fostered through hands-on activities connected to real-world issues and problems.
-School curriculum should arise from students' interests and be taught as integrated topics, rather than as isolated skills. -
-Learning is cognitive developement shaped by individual differences and the influence of culture.
-Adults and children perceive the world differently. The difference between them is the Zone of Proximal Developement.
-Adults support learning through scaffolding, or helping children build on what they already know. -
First browser (Mosaic) transforms a formerly text-based internet into a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "Information Superhighway."
-
ISTE sponsors creation of National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to guide technology skills, first for students, then for teachers and administrators.
-
-
-
Online and distance learning increases in higher education, then in K - 12 schools.
-
-
Issues newm updated standards for teachers, students, and administrators.
